Diploma In Computing,

Information &
Communication Technology
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C O U R S E C O D E & N A M E : I T T 06104: INFORMATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMEMNT

INSTRUCTOR’S NAME: MR. MOHAMMED KHATIB ALI

EMAIL : mudy02@gmail.com

Date: 20/06/2020
___________________________________________________________________

ZANZIBAR UNIVERSITY-PEMBA CAMPUS

 Description of Module
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 Course Code: ITT 06202.

 Course Name: Information System Development..
 Learning Objectives
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Describe the five components of a computer: input

devices, output devices, system unit, storage devices,
and communications devices
Define input and differentiate among a program,
command, and user response.
Describe the types of output:
Explain the characteristics of various display
devices: LCD monitors, LCD screens, plasma
monitors, and CRT monitors
Describe the factors that affect the quality of an LCD
monitor or LCD screen:
 Hardware Technology
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The Components of a Computer

A computer contains many electric,
electronic, and mechanical components
known as hardware.
These components include input
devices, output devices, a system unit,
storage devices, and communications
devices.
 Input Devices
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What Is Input?
 Input is any data and instructions entered into the
memory of a computer.
 People have a variety of options for entering data
and instructions into a computer.
 Once data is in memory, the computer interprets and
executes instructions to process the data into
information.
 Instructions entered into the computer can be in the
form of programs, commands, and user responses.
 Input Devices (cont..)
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 Program is a series of related instructions that tells a

computer what tasks to perform and how to perform
them.
 When a programmer writes a program, he or she enters the program
into the computer by using a keyboard, mouse, or other input device.
The programmer then stores the program in a file that a user can
execute (run).
 When a user runs a program, the computer loads the program from a
storage medium into memory.
 Thus, a program is entered into a computer’s memory. Programs
respond to commands that a user issues.
 Input Devices (cont..)
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 Command is an instruction that causes a program to

perform on a specific action.
 Users issue commands by pressing keys on the keyboard, clicking a
mouse button, speaking into a microphone, or touching an area on a
screen.
 A user response is an instruction a user issues by
replying to a question displayed by a program.
 A response to the question instructs the program to perform
certain actions.
 Assume the program asks the question, Is the time card correct?

If you answer Yes, the program processes the time card.
If you answer No, the program gives you the opportunity to
modify the time card entries.
 Input Devices (cont..)
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 An input device is any hardware component that

allows users to enter data and instructions
(programs, commands, and user responses) into a
computer.
 Five widely used input devices are the keyboard,
pointing devices (mouse, trackball, touchpad and
pointing stick), microphone, scanner, and Web cam.
 Input Devices (cont..)
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 A keyboard is an input device that contains keys

users press to enter data and instructions into a
computer
 Desktop computer keyboards typically have from 101 to 105
keys.
 All desktop computer keyboards have a typing area that
includes the letters of the alphabet, numbers, punctuation
marks, and other basic keys.
 Many desktop computer keyboards also have a numeric keypad
on the right side of the keyboard. A keyboard also contains
other keys that allow users to enter data and instructions into
the computer.
 Input Devices (cont..)
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 A pointing device is an input device that allows a

user to control a pointer on the screen.
 In a graphical user interface, a pointer is a small
symbol on the screen whose location and shape
change as a user moves a pointing device.
 A pointing device can be used to move the insertion
point; select text, graphics, and other objects; and
click buttons, icons, links, and menu commands.
 Example of pointing device are Mouse, trackball,
touchpad and pointing stick.
 Input Devices (cont..)
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Mouse is a small handheld device. With the mouse,

you control movement of a small symbol on the
screen, called the pointer, and you make selections
from the screen.
Microphone allows you to speak into the
computer.
Scanner converts printed material (such as text and
pictures) into a form the computer can use.
Web cam is a digital video camera that allows you
to create movies or take pictures and store them on
the computer instead of on tape or film.
 Output Devices
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What Is Output?
 Output is data that has been processed into a useful
form.
 That is, computers process data (input) into
information (output).
 The form of output varies, depending on the
hardware and software being used and the
requirements of the user.
 Output Devices (cont..)
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Types of output
There are four basic types of output: text, graphics,
audio, and video.
1. Text
 Examples of output that primarily contain text are memos, letters,
press releases, reports, classified advertisements, envelopes,
mailing labels, and text messages.
 On the Web, users view and print many other types of text based
output. These include blogs, news and magazine articles, books,
television show transcripts, stock quotes, speeches, and lectures.
 Output Devices (cont..)
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 Graphics
 Many forms of output include graphics to enhance visual appeal
and convey information. Business letters have logos.
 Reports include charts. Newsletters use drawings, clip art, and
photos.
 Many Web sites use animated graphics, such as blinking icons,
scrolling messages, or simulations.
 Audio
 Users download their favorite songs from iTunes and listen to the
music while working on the computer.
 Software such as games, encyclopedias, and simulations often
have musical accompaniments for entertainment and audio clips,
such as narrations and speeches, to enhance understanding.
 Output Devices (cont..)
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 Video
 As with audio, software and Web sites often include video clips to
enhance understanding. Video blogs, for example, add a video
component to the traditional podcast and blog.
 Users watch a live or prerecorded news report, view a replay while
attending a live sporting event, enjoy a live performance of their
favorite musician or musical group on a computer or mobile
device.
 Output Devices (cont..)
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What is output Device

 An output device is any type of hardware
component that conveys information to one or more
people.
 Commonly used output devices include display
devices; printers; speakers, headphones, and
earbuds; data projectors; interactive whiteboards;
and force-feedback game controllers and tactile
output.
 Output Devices (cont..)
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Display Devices
 A display device, or simply display, is an output
device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video
information.
 Information on a display device, sometimes called
soft copy, exists electronically and appears for a
temporary period.
 Display devices consist of a screen and the
components that produce the information on the
screen
 Output Devices (cont..)
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 There are two types of display devices, which are

flat-panel displays and CRT monitors.
 Flat-panel display is a lightweight display device with a
shallow depth and flat screen that typically uses LCD (liquid
crystal display) or gas plasma technology.
 Types of flat-panel displays include LCD monitors, LCD screens,
and plasma monitors.
 All flat-panel displays and some CRT monitors have a flat
screen.
 The term, flat screen, means the screen is not curved.
 LCD Monitors and LCD Screens
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An LCD monitor is a desktop monitor that uses a

liquid crystal display to produce images.
 These monitors produce sharp, flicker-free images. LCD
monitors have a small footprint; that is, they do not take up
much desk space.
 For additional space savings, some LCD monitors are wall
mountable.
 LCD monitors are available in a variety of sizes, with the more
common being 19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 27, and 30 inches — some
are 45 or 65 inches.
 Mobile computers and mobile devices have built-in LCD
screens. Many are widescreen; some are touch screen.
 LCD Technology
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 A liquid crystal display (LCD) uses a liquid

compound to present information on a display
device.
 Computer LCDs typically contain fluorescent tubes
that emit light waves toward the liquid-crystal cells,
which are sandwiched between two sheets of
material.
 When an electrical charge passes through the cells,
the cells twist. This twisting causes some light waves
to be blocked and allows others to pass through,
creating images on the display.
 LCD Technology (Cont…)
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 LCD monitors and LCD screens typically produce color

using either active-matrix or passive-matrix technology.
 An active-matrix display, known as a TFT (thin-film
transistor) display, uses a separate transistor to apply
charges to each liquid crystal cell and thus displays
high-quality color that is viewable from all angles.
 A newer type of TFT technology, called organic light emitting
diode (OLED), uses organic molecules that produce an even
brighter, easier-to-read display than standard TFT displays.
 OLEDs are less expensive to produce, consume less power,
and can be fabricated on thin, flexible surfaces.
 LCD Technology? (Cont…)
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 A newer use of OLED technology is in the head mounted

display (HMD), which is a display in a helmet, goggles, or
glasses. HMDs are used by pilots, military and law
enforcement personnel, engineers, scientists, travelers, and
video game players.
 Passive-matrix display uses fewer transistors, requires
less power, and is less expensive than an active-matrix
display. The color on a passive-matrix display often is not
as bright as an active-matrix display.
 Users view images on a passive-matrix display best when working
directly in front of it.
 LCD Technology? (Cont…)
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LCD Quality
 The quality of an LCD monitor or LCD screen depends
primarily on its resolution, response time, brightness, dot
pitch, and contrast ratio.
 Resolution is the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in
a display device.
 For example, a monitor that has a 1440 3 900 resolution
displays up to 1440 pixels per horizontal row and 900 pixels
per vertical row, for a total of 1,296,000 pixels to create a
screen image
 Pixel is a single point in an electronic image. A higher resolution
uses a greater number of pixels and thus provides a smoother,
sharper, and clearer image.
 LCD Technology? (Cont…)
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 Response time of an LCD monitor or screen is the time in

milliseconds (ms) that it takes to turn a pixel on or off.
 LCD monitors’ and screens’ response times range from 3 to 16 ms.
 The lower the number, the faster the response time.
 Brightness of an LCD monitor or LCD screen is measured
in nits.
 A nit is a unit of visible light intensity equal to one candela
(formerly called candlepower) per square meter.
 The candela is the standard unit of luminous intensity. LCD
monitors and screens today range from 250 to 550 nits.
 The higher the nits, the brighter the images.
 LCD Technology? (Cont…)
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 Contrast ratio describes the difference in light

intensity between the brightest white and darkest
black that can be displayed on an LCD monitor.
 Contrast ratios today range from 500:1 to 2000:1.
 Higher contrast ratios represent colors better.
 LCD Technology? (Cont…)
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Plasma Monitors
Plasma monitor is a display device that uses gas
plasma technology, which sandwiches a layer of gas
between two glass plates.
 When voltage is applied, the gas releases ultraviolet (UV) light.
This UV light causes the pixels on the screen to glow and form an
image.
 Plasma monitors offer screen sizes up to 150 inches wide and
richer colors than LCD monitors but are more expensive.
 Like LCD monitors, plasma monitors can hang directly on a wall.
 CRT Monitors
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 CRT monitor is a desktop monitor that contains a
cathode-ray tube
 A cathode-ray tube (CRT ) is a large, sealed glass tube. The front
of the tube is the screen.
 Tiny dots of phosphor material coat the screen on a CRT.
 Inside the CRT, an electron beam moves back and forth across the
back of the screen.
 This causes the dots on the front of the screen to glow, which
produces an image on the screen.
 CRT monitors have a much larger footprint than do LCD
monitors; that is, they take up more desk space and thus are
not used much today.
 A CRT monitor’s viewable size is the diagonal measurement of
the actual viewing area provided by the screen in the CRT
monitor.
 Other Output Devices
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 Printer is an output device that produces text and graphics

on a physical medium such as paper.
 Printed information, called hard copy, exists physically and is a
more permanent form of output than that presented on a display
device (soft copy).
 Audio output device is a component of a computer that
produces music, speech, or other sounds, such as beeps.
 Three commonly used audio output devices are speakers,
headphones, and earbuds.
 Data projector is a device that takes the text and images
displaying on a computer screen an projects them on a
larger screen so that an audience can see the image clearly
 Test Your Mind
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Useful Lecture Questions

1. What Is Input
2. What Are the Differences among a Program, a
Command, and a User Response?
3. What Are the Four Types of Output?
4. What Factors Affect the Quality of an LCD monitor
or LCD screen?
 End
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THANK YOU