Stability Analysis of a Traditional

Power System by Means of Load

Curtailment
SARKER AL AMIN (ID-51932702)
Outline
• Introduction

• Methodology
• Model of Power System
• Load Curtailment

• Results and Simulation

• Conclusion

2
Power System Overview

Introduction > Power System Overview 3

Power System Overview cont.
• There should always be a balance
between generation and load,
since there is (almost) no energy
storage within the system

• Market mechanisms are designed

to support this balance (in a cost
efficient and reliable manner)

Introduction > Power System Overview 4

Stability

• ability to return to a normal or stable operating conditions after fault

• For power system, stability is the tendency of to develop restoring
forces equal to or greater than the disturbing forces

Introduction > Stability 5

Stability cont.
Transient Stability
• Is the ability of the power system to maintain synchronism when
subjected to a severe transient disturbance.
• Fault can be occur by,

The sudden addition or removal of

The sudden outage of a line
loads

Transient Fault

6
Introduction > Stability
Objective
• Determine the rotor angle stability by using swing equation.
 Solution of swing curve
 Equal area criterion

• Determine critical angle and critical clearing time.

• Find solution to regain the stability.

Introduction > Objective 7

Project Scope
The scopes to development this project includes:
• study of transient stability of power system using followings
 Case 1: step by step solution of the swing curve
 Case 2: equal area criterion on sudden increase in power input
 Case 3: equal area criterion for a bus bar or line to line fault

• Propose a solution to overcome the faulted state from distribution side

Introduction > Project Scope 8

Outline
• Introduction

• Methodology
• Model of Power System
• Load Curtailment

• Results and Simulation

• Conclusion

Outline 9
Transient Stability of SMIB System

Figure : Signal-Machine-Infinite-Bus (SMIB) system.

For the above SMIB system, the following assumptions are made:
The classical model is applied to the synchronous generator

The transmission line is modeled by a series reactance

Voltage and Current are symmetrical

The mechanical power Pm is constant.

The voltage at bus N is given by

Methodology > Transient Stability of SMIB System

 Transient Stability of SMIB System cont..

Figure : Proposed SMIB system for transient stability study

The dynamic of this system is given by the swing equation,

𝑬′𝒒 𝑼𝑵
𝑷𝒆 = ′ 𝒔𝒊𝒏ሺ𝜹 − 𝜽𝑵 ሻ = 𝑷𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏ሺ𝜹 − 𝜽𝑵 ሻ
𝒙𝒅 + 𝒙𝒕𝒐𝒕

Methodology > Transient Stability of SMIB System 11

Stability of the equilibrium points of the SMIB
system

Figure : Stable and unstable equilibrium points.

Methodology > Stability of the equilibrium points of the SMIB system
Equal Area Criterion (EAC)
Swing equation
• 

Equation of Area

13
Methodology > Equal Area Criterion
Equal Area Criterion (EAC) cont..

• 

14
Methodology > Equal Area Criterion
Equal Area Criterion (EAC) cont..

• 

Thus,

15
Methodology > Equal Area Criterion
 Excitation System Integration With One
Axis Model

Figure : Basic structure of the excitation systems with rotating exciters.

 Excitation system consists of an exciter and an automatic voltage regulator (AVR).

The primary function of an exciter is to provide a dc source for field excitation of a synchronous
This
generator
actions contribute
The AVR controls the excitation voltage
to the enhancement of
system
Control on excitation voltage results stability.
in controlling the field current
The field current controls the generated voltage and reactive power

16
Methodology > Excitation System Integration With One Axis Model
Excitation System Integration With One
Axis Model cont.
DC exciter
Rotating
exciter
AC exciter
Exciter

Static
exciter

17
Methodology > Excitation System Integration With One Axis Model
Excitation System Integration with One-axis
Model Cont.

Figure: Block diagram of a simple excitation system with PSS.

18
Methodology > Excitation System Integration With One Axis Model
 Result and Simulation

Single-Machine-
Infinite-Bus (SMIB)
system

Generator modeling
Result and Simulation
Thevenin’s equivalent voltage and angle (prefault condition)

 ´ = 𝒁𝒍 + 𝒋 𝒙 𝒕 𝟐
𝑼 𝒕𝒉 ∗𝑼 𝒏 𝟏 ∠ 𝟎
( 𝒁 𝒍+ 𝒋 𝒙 𝒕 𝟐 ) + ( 𝒋 𝒙 𝒍 𝟐∨¿ 𝒋 𝒙 𝒍 𝟑 )+ 𝒋 𝒙 𝒍 𝟏

  ´𝒕𝒉 =( 𝒁 𝒍 + 𝒋 𝒙𝒕 𝟐 ¿∨¿( 𝒋 ( 𝒙 𝒍 𝟐∨¿ 𝒙 𝒍 𝟑 ) + 𝒋 𝒙𝒍 𝟏 )

𝒁

Result and Simulation > Thevenin equivalent voltage and angle

Prefault condition cont.
•  Node voltage of bus N3 is given as 130KV or 1pu but it should be
calculate the angle of this node. At pre-fault stage mechanical power
is equal to electrical power and the equation of is

• Where, and
• From this equation the only unknown variable can be calculated.

21
During Fault Calculation
•According
  to the place of faulted bus the equivalent model will be
different, so the critical clearing angle and time will be vary. If it
observed carefully to the trajectory of the SMIB system, for transiently
stable system should be zero. So the rotor angle is maximum when it
comes back at oscillation.
•
• In this stage we have to calculate the maximum rotor angle for a
stable system using equal area criterion.

22
During Fault Calculation

Fault at N4

Fault at N2

23
Post Fault Condition
• After removing the faulted line from the system to continue a healthy
system with reduced electrical power, the thevenin voltage and angle can
be calculated as follows

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Fault at NX=N4

Plot 1
1.6 400
400
Pe pre
1.4 Pe post 350
350
Pe fault
1.2 Pm 300
300
250
1
250
Electrical Power

200

Rotor Angle
0.8 200

Rotor Angle
150
0.6 150
100
0.4 100
50
0.2 50
0
0 0
-50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-0.2 -50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time (in sec)
Rotor Angle (in deg) Time (in sec)

25
Result and Simulation
• Fault at NX=N2

Plot 1
1.6 400
Pe pre 400
1.4 Pe post 350
Pe fault 350
1.2 Pm 300
300
1 250
250
Electrical Power

0.8 200
200
0.6 150
150
0.4 100
100
50
0.2
50
0
0
0
-50
-0.2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 -50
Rotor Angle (in deg) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

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Result and Simulation
27
Proposed Load Curtailment Scheme
Load Curtailment
The direct approach aims to mitigate the congestions by curtailment of load.

Local generation while the indirect approach influences the individual presumes
with price.

by curtailing active power consumptions.

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Result and Simulation > Proposed Load Curtailment Scheme
Proposed Load Curtailment Scheme

Curtailment
capacity
Load
Minimizing the Curtailment Greedy Selection
Cost Rules

Selection Selection
Non-firm Security
Based on Based on
capacity capacity Constrained
Non-Firm Power Flow Fair Power
Firm Optimal
Capacity in in the Curtailment Power Flow
the Feeder Feeder
Result and Simulation > Proposed Load Curtailment Scheme
Proposed Load Curtailment Scheme
• Firm capacity and Non-firm capacity
Total curtailed power in terms of Firm capacity and Non-firm capacity

•Minimizing the Curtailment Cost

Minimizing cost equation

condition for minimizing curtailment cost

Result and Simulation > Proposed Load Curtailment Scheme

Proposed Load Curtailment Scheme

• Greedy Selection Rules

1) Selection Based on Non-Firm Capacity in the Feeder

incorporate the minimum number of feeders to resolve the congestion
all the buses in the selected feeder will be considered for curtailment
2) Selection Based on Power Flow in the Feeder
3) Fair Power Curtailment
4)Security Constrained Optimal Power Flow (OPF)

Result and Simulation > Proposed Load Curtailment Scheme