The 741 IC Op-Amp Unit: 1: Integrated Circuits

Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Greater Noida
The 741 IC Op-amp
Unit: 1
Integrated Circuits
KEC – 501
NEHA
ECE
ECE, B.Tech
ASSISTANT
5th Sem PROFESSOR
08/08/2020 NEHA KEC- 501 (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) UNIT- 1 1

Contents
• Vision and Mission of the Institute

• Vision and Mission of the Department
• Program Educational Objectives
• Program Specific Outcomes
• Program Outcomes
• Course Scheme and Exam Scheme
• Syllabus by University
• Course Objective
• Course Outcome
• CO Mapping with Bloom’s Taxonomy

Contents
• CO-PO & CO-PSO Mapping

• Prerequisite and Recap
• Basics of IC 741
• The 741 OPAMP Circuit
• DC Analysis of 741
• Small Signal Analysis of 741
• Gain, Frequency response and Slew Rate of 741
• YouTube Video Links

Contents
• Nptel Video Links

• Daily Quiz 1-5
• Weekly Assignment
• MCQs
• University Old Question Papers
• Expected Questions
• Summary
• References

Vision & Mission of the Institute
Vision of the Institute
To be an institute of academic excellence in the field of education, with

future plan of becoming a deemed university, earn name and hence win
faith of the society.
Mission of the Institute
To impart to its students a high quality education, develop their skills,

broaden their mental horizon and nurture them into competent and
talented professionals to meet the challenges of the new millennium.

Vision & Mission of the Department
Vision of the Department

To prepare the students for global competence, with core knowledge in
Electronics and Communication Engineering having focus on research to meet
the needs of Industry and Society.
Mission of the Department

• To become dynamic and vigorous knowledge hub with an exposure to state of
art technologies for connecting world.
• To provide in-depth knowledge of Electronics and Communication
Engineering ensuring the effective teaching learning process.
• To train students to take up innovative projects in group with sustainable and
inclusive technology relevant to the industry and social needs.
• Empower students to become skilled and ethical entrepreneurs.
• To promote and adapt professional development in a perpetual demanding
environment and nurture the best minds for the future.
Program Educational Objectives
PEO-1 To have excellent scientific and engineering breadth so as to

comprehend, analyze, design and solve real- life problems using state-of-
the-art technology.
PEO-2 To lead a successful career in industries or to pursue higher

studies or to understand entrepreneurial endeavors.
PEO-3 To effectively bridge the gap between industry and academics

through effective communication skill, professional attitude and a desire
to learn.

Program Specific Outcomes
On successful completion of graduation degree the Electronics and

Communication graduates will be able to:

Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science
and electronics & communication engineering to work effectively in the
industry based on same or related area.
Design/development of solutions: Use their skills to work in modern

electronics & communication engineering tolls, software and equipments
to design solutions for complex problems in the related field that meet the
specified needs of the society.
Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual and as a

member or leader of a team by qualifying through examinations like
GATE, IES, PSUs, TOEFL, GMAT and GRE etc.
Program Outcomes
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics,

science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization
for the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and

analyse complex engineering problems reaching substantiated
conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex

engineering problems and design system components or processes that
meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for public
health and safety, and cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
Program Outcomes Continues….
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research based

knowledge and research methods including design of experiments,
analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of information to
provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,

resources, and modern engineering and IT tools, including prediction
and modeling to complex engineering activities, with an understanding
of the limitations.

6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the
contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural
issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the

professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental
contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and

responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual,

and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary
settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering

activities with the engineering community and with the society at large,
such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and
design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and

understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply
these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage
projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the
preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning
in the broadest context of technological change.

Course Scheme & Exam Scheme

Syllabus by University

Course Objectives
The intended objectives of this course are given as follows:

1. To understand the internal circuits of 741 IC op-amp.
2. To understand the analysis of linear and non-linear applications using
op-amp 741 such as filters.
3. To describe CMOS circuits and apply them in digital applications.
4. To derive the working principle of data converters.
5. To understand the working of multi-vibrators using IC 555 timer and
phase locked loop (PLL) along with its applications.

Unit Objective
Mapping With
Name of Unit Objective of Topic
CO
To understand the basic

The 741 IC Op-
amp internal circuit of OP-Amp CO1
(741 IC)

Course Outcomes
At the end of this course students will able to:

1. Interpret in-depth knowledge on internal circuits of 741 IC op-amp.
2. Analyze and explain linear and non-linear applications using op-amp
741 such as filters.
3. Describe and analyze CMOS circuits and apply them in digital
applications.
4. Classify and comprehend the working principle of data converters.
5. Explain and analyze the working of multi-vibrators using IC 555
timer and phase locked loop (PLL) along with its applications.

CO Mapping with Bloom’s Taxonomy
L1: Knowledge L2: Understand L3: Application

L4: Analyze L5: Evaluate L6: Synthesize
COURSE COURSE OUTCOMES Bloom’s

COURSE OUTCOME Knowledge
NO. At the end of the semester, the student will be able to: Level (KL)
KEC Interpret in-depth knowledge on internal circuits of 741 IC L2

501.1 op-amp.
KEC Analyze and explain linear and non-linear applications using L2,L4
KEC-501 501.2 op-amp 741 such as filters.
Integrated
Circuits KEC Describe and analyze CMOS circuits and apply them in digital L2,L3,L4
(YEAR OF 501.2 applications.
STUDY KEC Classify and comprehend the working principle of data L4
2020-21) 501.4 converters.
Explain and analyze the working of multi-vibrators using IC L2,L4
KEC
555 timer and phase locked loop (PLL) along with its
501.5 applications.

CO-PO & CO-PSO Mapping
Enter correlation levels 1, 2 or 3 as defined below:

1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High)
It there is no correlation, put “-”
Course PO PO PO
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
Outcome 10 11 12
KEC501.1 3 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 3 2 2 3
KEC501.2 3 3 3 2 - - - - - - - 2 2 2 3
KEC501.3 3 3 3 2 - - - - - - - 2 2 2 3
KEC501.4 3 3 3 2 - - - - - - - 2 2 2 3
KEC501.5 3 3 3 2 - 2 - - - - - 2 1 1 3
Average 3 2.8 2.8 2 - 2 - - - - - 2.2 1.8 1.8 3

Prerequisite
Prerequisite: The basic prerequisites for this course are familiarity with

“Analog circuits” specifically differential amplifiers and current mirrors.

The 741 IC Op-Amp
(CO1)

Outlines of The 741 IC OP-Amp
General Operational Amplifier Stages

Bias circuit, The input stage, The second stage, the output stage, Short
circuit protection circuitry, the device parameters
DC Analysis of 741
Reference bias current, input stage bias, input bias and offset current, input
offset voltage, input common range, second stage bias, output stage bias
Small Signal (AC) Analysis of 741

The input stage, second stage, the output stage
Gain, Frequency response and Slew Rate of 741

Small signal gain, frequency response, a simplified model, slew rate,
relationship between Ft and SR

Outlines
General Operational Amplifier Stages

Bias circuit, The input stage, The second stage, the output stage, Short circuit
protection circuitry, the device parameters
DC Analysis of 741
Small Signal Analysis of 741



Objective of Topic-1
Name of Topic Objective of Topic Mapping With

CO
To understand the basic
General operational structural concept of 741 IC
amplifier stages Op-Amp CO1

Basics of IC 741
Manufacturers of IC 741
It is possible to identify the manufacturer by looking at the number
printed on the OP-AMP IC. Fairchild first produced it and sold it as
“μA741” where “μA” represent the initials for Fairchild and 741 as
OP-AMP.
Fairchild μA741
National semiconductor LM741
Motorola MC1741
RCA CA3741
Texas instrument SN52741
Signetics N5741

Pin Configuration of IC 741
•This IC is an 8 pin IC in the dual in line (DIP) package.

•This is the one of the oldest and one of the most popular Op-amp IC.
•It is a high performance monolithic operational amplifier.
•It has wide range of applications such as integrator, differentiator,

summing amplifier etc
Definition of IC 741 Pin Functions
• Pin 1 (Offset Null): Offset voltage is nulled by application of a

voltage of opposite polarity to the offset.
• Pin 2 (Inverted Input): All input signals at this pin will be inverted at
output pin 6.
• Pin 3 (Non-Inverted Input): All input signals at this pin will be
processed normally without inversion.
• Pin 4 (-V): The V- pin (also referred to as Vcc) is the negative supply
voltage terminal.
• Pin 5 (Offset Null): Same pin 1.
Definition of IC 741 Pin Functions
• Pin 6 (Output): Output signal's polarity will be the opposite of the

input's when this signal is applied to the op-amp's inverting input.
• Pin 7 (+V): The V+ pin (also referred to as Vcc) is the positive supply
voltage terminal of the 741 Op-Amp IC.
• Pin 8 (N/C): The 'N/C' stands for 'Not Connected'. There is no other
explanation. There is nothing connected to this pin, it is just there to
make it a standard 8-pin package

Absolute Maximum Ratings
Supply voltage 18V
Internal power dissipation

Metal package 500 mW
DIP 510 mW
Flat pack 570 mW
Storage temperature range
Metal package -65oC to +150oC
DIP -55oC to +125oC
Operating temp range
Military - 55oC to +125oC
Commercial 0oC to +70oC

Important Characteristics of IC 741
S.NO Characteristics Value for IC Ideal Value

741
1. Input Resistance 2 MΩ ∞
2. Output Resistance 75 Ω 0
3. Voltage Gain 2x105 ∞
4. Bandwidth 1 MHz ∞
5. Slew Rate 0.5 V/μs ∞

The 741 Op-Amp Circuit

• Initially IC 741 was manufactured by “Fairchild Corporation”.

• It consists of 24 transistors, 11 resistors and 1 capacitor.
• IC 741 requires two power supplies, +VCC and –VEE.
• Normally +VCC = +15 V and –VEE = -15V.
• The IC 741 is capable of operating at much lower power supply
voltages ( up to ± 5 V)

The 741 op-amp circuit: Q11, Q12, and R5 generate a reference bias
current, IREF. Q10, Q9, and Q8 bias the input stage, which is
composed of Q1 to Q7. The second gain stage is composed of Q16 and
Q17 with Q13B acting as active load. The class AB output stage is
formed by Q14 and Q20 with biasing devices Q13A, Q18, and Q19, and an
input buffer Q23.
Transistors Q15, Q21, Q24, and Q22 serve to protect the amplifier
against output short circuits and are normally cut off.

Bias Circuit
The reference bias current for the entire 741

circuit is generated in the branch containing
the diode-connected transistors Q11 and Q12
and the resistor R5.

Bias Circuit
Widlar current source is formed by Q11 and Q10

and the resistance R4 .
The bias current for the first stage is generated

in the collector of Q10 .
There is another current mirror formed by Q8
and Q9 which is responsible for the biasing in
the first stage(provide the bias current of the
differential amplifier formed by Q1, Q2, Q3 and
Q4.

Bias Circuit
• Q13 is double-collector lateral pnp transistor.
• The transistors Q12 and Q13 form a two-output current mirror.
• Collector of Q13A provides the bias current for the output stage of
the op amp.
• The purpose of Q18 and Q19 is to establish the two VBE drops
between the bases of the output transistors Q14 and Q20.

Short-circuit Protection Circuitry
• The 741 circuit includes large number of transistors that are normally
off and conduct only when large output current is required. In the
circuit, the short circuit protection is provided by Q15, Q21,Q22,
Q24, R6 ,R7 and R11.
• The function of this network is to limit the current in the output
transistors – all to prevent overheating and possible burnout of the IC
(i.e., it keeps from letting the smoke out).
• The large current can be achieved at the output terminals if the
output terminal is short-circuited to one of the two supplies.

• The transistor Q15 is the normally off state. If the current in the
emitter leg of Q14 becomes too large, the voltage drop across R6 will
become large enough to turn Q15 on.
• Once Q15 is turned on, its collector will bleed off some of the current
• supplied by Q13, thereby reducing the base current to Q14 and the
emitter current of Q14.
• This limits the maximum current that the op-amp can source, or
supply from the output terminal in the outward direction.
• The current through Q20 is limited in a similar fashion, where the
relevant components are Q21, Q22, Q24, and R7.
• If the current through Q20 becomes too large, the voltage drop
across R7 turns Q21 on. Once Q21 is turned on, its collector
will bleed off some of the current supplied by the current
mirror formed by Q22 and Q24, reducing the base current (and
therefore the emitter current) of Q20.
• This mechanism limits the maximum current that the op-amp
can sink, or draw from the output terminal in the inward
direction.

The Input Stage
• Input stage consists of transistors through Q1 to Q7.
• The biasing is performed by transistors Q8, Q9 and Q10.
• Transistors Q5, Q6 and Q7 and resistors R1, R2 and R3 form the load
circuit of the input stage.
• Every OP-AMP circuit uses a level shifter.
• The function of level shifter is to shift the dc level of the signal so that
the signal at the OP-AMP output can swing positive and negative.
• In 741, level shifting is done in the first stage using the lateral pnp
transistors Q3 and Q4.
The Second Stage
• The second stage or intermediate stage is composed of Q16, Q17,

Q13B, and two resistors R8 and R9.
• Transistor Q16 acts as an emitter follower.
• So it provides high input resistance to the second stage.

• This minimizes the loading on the input stage and avoids the loss
of gain.
• Transistor Q17 acts as an common-emitter amplifier with a 100 Ώ

resistance in its emitter.

The Second Stage
• Its load is composed of the high output resistance of the pnp current
source Q13B in parallel with the input resistance with the output
stage.
• The output of the second stage is taken at the collector of Q17.
• Capacitor CC is connected in the feedback path of the second stage

to provide frequency compensation.
• Capacitor CC is small in value.
• The chip are for Capacitor CC is about 13 times that of a standard

npn transistor.
The Output Stage
• 741 uses class AB output stage.

• The purpose of the output stage is to provide the amplifier with low
output resistance.
• Emitter follower circuit is the class A output stage.
• The drawback of the class A output stage is large power dissipated
in the transistor.
• This power dissipation can be reduced by arranging the transistor to
turn on only when an input signal is applied.

The Output Stage
(a) The emitter follower is a class A output stage.

(b) Class B output stage
(c) The output of a class B output stage fed with an input
sinusoid. Observe the crossover distortion. distortion.
(d) Class AB output stage.

The Output Stage
• So in order to reduce the power dissipation two transistors are

required.
• An npn to source the output current and a pnp transistor to sink the
output current.
• This kind of arrangement is called class B output stage.
• Both the transistors will be cutoff when vI = 0.
• When vI goes positive QN conducts while QP remains off.
• When vI goes negative transistors reverse roles.

The Output Stage
• Class B output stage is efficient in power dissipation, but the output

signal is distorted.
• Output signal is distorted when |vI|is less then about 0.5, neither of
the transistors will conduct.
• This is called crossover distortion.
• Crossover distortion can be reduced by biasing the output stage
transistors at low current.
• In this case, the output stage transistors will remain conducting when
vI is small.
The Device Parameters
• For the standard npn and pnp transistors, the following parameters
will be used:
 npn: Is = 10-14 A, β = 200, VA = 125 V
 pnp: Is = 10-14 A, β = 50, VA = 50 V
• In 741 circuit the nonstandard devices are Q13, Q14 and Q20.
• For transistor Q13,
 ISA = 0.25x10-14 A ISB = 0.75x10-14 A,
• Transistors Q14 and Q20 have an area three time that of a standard
device.
Exercise
For the circuit shown Fig, neglect base

currents and use the exponential ic - vBE
relationship to show that
IS 3 IS 4
I3  I1 IS1 I
S2

Recap
• The PIN configuration of IC 741

• Ideal characteristics of 741 IC op-amp
• The bias circuit, input stage , second stage and output stage of 741 IC
OP-AMP.
• Short circuit protection circuitry.

Outlines
The 741 OPAMP Circuit

Bias circuit, Short circuit protection, The input stage, The second stage, the
output stage, the device parameters
DC Analysis of 741




CO
To understand the DC
analysis of 741 IC Op-Amp
DC Analysis of 741 in detail CO1

DC Analysis of 741
• For the DC analysis of an Op-Amp circuit, the input terminals

are grounded.
• This should result in zero dc voltage at the output.
• However, because the op amp has very large gain, the output
voltage is close to either +VCC or –VEE.
• To overcome this problem, in the dc analysis, it will be assumed

that the op amp is connected in a negative feedback loop that
stabilizes the output dc voltage to zero volts.

Reference Bias Current
The reference Bias current IREF can be obtained as:
IREF VCC VEB12 VBE11  (VEE )

 R5
For VCC = VEE = 15 V and
VBE12 = VEB12 = 0.7 V,
we have IREF = 0.73 mA.

Input Stage Bias
Transistor Q11 is biased by IREF, and the voltage developed across it is

used to bias Q10 which has a series emitter resistance R4.
From the circuit, and assuming β10 to be large, we

have,
VBE11 VBE10  IC10 R4
Now assume that, IS11=IS10 we get
IREF  I R
VT ln C10 4
IC10
At room temperature VT = 25 mV.
Fig:The Widlar current source
For our case IC10 = 19 µA.
that biases the input stage

Exercise
Design the Widlar current source to generate a current IC10 = 10μA

given that IREF = 1mA. If at a collector current of 1mA, VBE = 0.7 V, find
VBE11 and VBE10.

Input Stage Bias
Now we can determine dc current in each of the input-stage transistors.
Fig: The DC analysis of the 741 input stage.

Input Stage Bias
• From the Fig shown on previous slide, from symmetry we see that,
IC1 = IC2 = I
• If βp is high, then for transistors Q3 & Q4,
IE3 = IE4 = I
• And base currents of Q3 & Q4 are equal, i.e.,
IB3 = IB4 = I/βp.
• Now consider current mirror formed by Q8 & Q9, at node X, if βp is
very larger than 1,
IC10 = 2I
• For the 741 circuit, IC10 = 19 µA. So, we can determine that,
IC1 = IC3 = IC3 = IC4 = 9.5 µA

Input Stage Bias
• Now consider the remainder circuit of the 741 input stage.

• This part of the circuit is fed by IC3 = IC4 = I
• Transistors Q5 & Q6 are identical so, IC3 = IC4 = I
• The bias current of the Q7 is given by,
• The value of VBE6 can be determined as,
• Now substituting IS = 10-14A, I = 9.5 µA, gives, VBE6 = 517 mV & IC7
= 10.5 µA.

Input Bias and Offset Currents
• The input bias current of an op amp is defined as
• For the 741 we obtain
•Because of possible mismatches in the β values of Q1 and Q2 the input

base currents will not be equal.
•In this case, input offset current is defined as,

Input Offset Voltage
• Input offset voltage is the differential voltage that exists between two
input terminals of an op-amp, without any external inputs applied.
• In other words, it is the amount of the input voltage that should be
applied between two input terminals in order to force the output
voltage to zero.
• In the 741 circuit, Input offset voltage is due to mismatch between Q1
and Q2, between Q3 and Q4 , between Q5 and Q6 and between R1 and
R2.

Input Common Mode Range
• The input common-mode range is the range of Input common-mode

voltages over which the input stage remains in the linear active
mode.
• For 741 circuit the input common-mode range is determined at the

upper end by saturation of Q1 and Q2 and at the lower end by
saturation of Q3 and Q4.

Second Stage Bias
• If we neglect the base current of Q23, then we see that the collector
current of Q17 is approximately equal to the current supplied by
current source Q13B.
• Because Q13B, has a scale current 0.75 times that of Q12.
• Its collector current will be IC13B ≈ 0.75IREF, where we have assumed

that βP >>1.
• Thus IC13B = 550µA & IC17 ≈ 550µA.
• Base-emitter voltage of Q17 is

Second Stage Bias
The collector current of Q16 is given as,
Which gives, IC16 = 16.2µA

Output Stage Bias
• Current source Q13A delivers a current

of 0.25IREF (because IS of Q13A is 0.25
times the IS of Q12).
• Neglecting base currents of Q14 & Q20,
IC23 ≈ IE23 ≈ 0.25IREF = 180 µA.
• If we assume that VBE18 is
approximately 0.6 V. We can
determine the current in R10 as 15 µA.
• The emitter current of Q18 is therefore
IE18 ≈ IC18 = 180 - 15 = 165 µA & VBE18
= 588 mV.
Fig:The 741 output stage without the short-
circuit protection devices.

Output Stage Bias
• The base current IB18 = 165/200 = 0.8

µA. So
IC19 ≈ IE19 = 15.8 µA
• VBE19 is determined as
• As, we know that the purpose of the

transistors Q18 - Q19 network is to
provide two VBE drops between the
bases of the output transistors Q14 &
circuit protection devices. Q20.
Output Stage Bias
• This voltage drop VBB is given by,

VBB = VBE18 + VBE19 = 588+530 = 1.118V
• Where
• Now putting values of VBB, and IS14 =

IS20 = 3x10-14 A, we get, IC14 = IC20 =
154 µA.
• This is the small current at which
class AB output stage is biased.
circuit protection devices.

Summary

Recap
• Reference bias current, input stage bias, input bias and offset current.
• Input offset voltage.
• Input common range, second stage bias and output stage bias.

Outlines

DC Analysis of 741
Small Signal (AC) Analysis of 741




CO
To understand the AC
analysis of 741 IC Op-Amp
AC Analysis of 741 in detail CO1

The Input Stage
• The differential signal vI applied

between the input terminals.
• The four transistors shown in
figure are connected in series.
• Emitter signal currents flow as
indicated in Fig.
Fig: Small-signal analysis of the 741 input

stage.

The Input Stage
Where re is emitter resistance of the

four transistors shown in figure.
Where,
•Input differential resistance is

given by,
Fig: Small-signal analysis of the 741 input

stage.

The Input Stage
Fig: The load circuit of the input stage fed by the two complementary current signals generated by Q1 through Q4
in Fig. shown on previous slide Circled numbers indicate the order of the analysis steps.

The Input Stage
• Assuming the base current of Q7 to be equal to zero, so the collector

current of Q5 will be,
IC5 = α ie
• Transistors Q5 and Q6 are identical and have identical emitter
resistances, therefore,
IC6 = IC5 = α ie
• So the load circuit behaves like a current mirror.
• Consider output node of the input stage, the output current is given
by,
• Transconductance of the input stage is given by,

The Input Stage
Fig: Simplified circuits for finding the two components of the output resistance Ro1 of
the first stage.

The Input Stage
• Output resistance (R01) of the input stage is the resistance seen

looking back onto the collector of transistor Q6.
• From the figure shown on slide 66, we can say that, R01 is equal to
the parallel combination of the output resistance of the current source
α ie and the output resistance of Q6.
• Assume that the base of Q4 is virtual ground.
• The R04 is given by,
• So, for Q4, re=2.63 kΩ, ro=VA/I, VA= 50V, I = 9.5µA , rП= (β+1)re>>re,
so neglecting it. So, R04 = 10.5 MΩ.
The Input Stage
• The R06 is given by,
• So, for Q4, re=2.63 kΩ, ro=VA/I, VA= 50V, I = 9.5µA , rП= (β+1)re>>re,
so neglecting it. So, R04 = 18.2 MΩ.
• Hence, the output resistance of the input stage is given by, R01 = 6.7
MΩ.
Fig: Small-signal equivalent circuit for the input stage of the 741 op amp.
The Second Stage
• This is used to determine the

values of the parameters of the
equivalent circuit.
• Input Resistance: The resistance
Ri2 is given by
• So, Ri2 = 4MΩ.
Fig: The 741 second stage prepared for

small-signal analysis Fig: Small-signal equivalent circuit model
of the second stage.
The Second Stage
• Transconductance: from the small-signal equivalent circuit model

of the second stage, we can observe that,
• So, Gm2 = 6.5 mA/V

The Second Stage
• Output Resistance: Output resistance of the second stage is given

by,
• Where, R013B = re13, for 741 re13 = 90.9 kΩ.

• Where, R017 = r0[1 + gm R8 ] = 787 kΩ.
• Therefore, R02 = 81kΩ.

The Output Stage
Fig: The 741 output stage.

Recap
• The input stage , second stage and the output stage.

Outlines

DC Analysis of 741




CO
Gain, Frequency and To understand the concept

of gain, frequency and slew
slew rate of 741 CO1
rate of 741 IC Op-Amp

Small Signal Gain
• The overall small-signal gain can be found from the cascade of the
equivalent circuits.
Fig: Cascading the small-signal equivalent circuits of the individual stages for the evaluation of
the overall voltage gain.
• Load resistance RL = 2 kΩ.
• The overall gain can be expressed as,
So, Ao= -476.1X(-526.5)X0.97=243,147V/V

Frequency Response
Fig: High frequency

model of OP-AMP
• Frequency response of the op-amp is the plot of its open loop gain
versus frequency.
• The open loop gain changes with frequency.
• To plot the frequency response we need to refer high frequency model
of OP-AMP.
Frequency Response
• After a certain frequency the roll-off decreases after certain frequency.

• The capacitor is due to BJT used in the 741.
• The BJTs has parasitic capacitances so the capacitances is too small.
• So in order to reduces the effect of this parasitic capacitances the
compensated capacitor is used in 741.

A Simplified Model
• In simplified model of 741, the high-gain second stage, with its

feedback capacitance CC is modeled by an ideal integrator.
• In this model, the gain of the second stage is assumed to be very large.
• That’s why the output resistance of the input stage and the input
resistance of the second stage have been omitted.

A Simplified Model
• The output stage is assumed to be an ideal unity gain follower
• The magnitude of the gain becomes unity at ω=ωt
• Where,
• So,
• Where, ft is called unity gain frequency.

• At f >> f3dB, the gain falls off with a slope of 20dB/decade, just like an
integrator.
Slew Rate
• Consider the unity-gain follower shown.

• 10 volt step is applied at the input.
• The entire value of the step signal will appear as a differential signal
between the two input terminals.
Slew Rate
• From the circuit shown , output voltage ramp with a slope of 2I/CC.
• So the slew rate is given by:

• For 741 SR = 0.63 V/µs.

Relationship Between Ft And SR
• Relationship between ft and SR can be found by:
• As we know that
• So, and
• And we get,
 Finally we get,

Youtube Links
• Op- Amp IC 741, Circuit Description

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bn-RTBN1rrw&list=PLGkX7Gc_TjuM5-x-a
EyoQFV8bTijM3BxQ
• DC Analysis of OP-Amp IC 741
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE6rXFV99PY&list=PLGkX7Gc_TjuM5-x-a
EyoQFV8bTijM3BxQ&index=2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FyRR2vrFVk&list=PLGkX7Gc_TjuM5-x-a
EyoQFV8bTijM3BxQ&index=3
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xv6CkUYrmM&list=PLGkX7Gc_TjuM5-x-
aEyoQFV8bTijM3BxQ&index=4

Nptel Links
• Introduction to Integrated Circuits
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/108/108108111/
• Introduction to Analog Circuits
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/101/108101094/

Daily Quiz
• Right Click on page attached above and then click Acrobat Document Object and then
click open OR Simply double click on it.

Weekly Assignments
1. Discuss Wilson current mirror and widlar current source. What is the
advantage of Widlar current source over Wilson current mirror?
2. How the short circuit protection is achieved in the output stage of 741 op-
amps?
3. Draw and explain the frequency response of IC 741.
4. What do you understand by the base current mirror? How does it provide
improvement over simple current mirror circuit? Explain with the help of a
neat circuit diagram.
5. What do you understand by base current compensated current mirror?

MCQs

Old Question Papers

Old Question Papers

Old Question Papers

Expected Questions for University Exam
1. Define slew rate, Input offset current, Input bias current, CMRR. Derive
relationship between and slew rate for IC 741, Draw frequency response
curve.
2. Figure 1(a) &(b) shows two circuits for generating a constant current =
10Determine the values of required resistors assuming that is point 0.7V at
a current of 1mA and neglecting the effect of finite

Expected Questions for University Exam
3. Discuss Wilson current mirror and widlar current source.

4. What is the advantage of Widlar current source over Wilson current mirror?
5. How the short circuit protection is achieved in the output stage of 741 op-
amps?
6. Draw and explain the frequency response of IC 741.
7. What do you understand by the base current mirror? How does it provide
improvement over simple current mirror circuit? Explain with the help of a
neat circuit diagram.
8. What do you understand by base current compensated current mirror?

Summary
• The most common Op-Amp is the 741 and it is used in many circuits.
• The OP AMP is a 'Linear Amplifier' with an amazing variety of uses.
• Its main purpose is to amplify (increase) a weak signal - a little

like a Darlington Pair.
• The OP-AMP has two inputs, INVERTING ( - ) and NON-

INVERTING (+), and one output at pin 6.

References
1. Sedra and Smith, “Microelectronic Circuits”, 6thEdition, Oxford

University Press.
2. Michael Jacob, “Applications and Design with Analog Integrated
Circuits”, PHI, 2nd Edition.
3. Ram Gayakwad, “Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, Pearson,
4th Edition, 2000
4. Gatestudy.com

THANK YOU
WISH YOU ALL THE VERY BEST
Neha
Mail: nehaverma.cu@gmail.com

The 741 IC Op-Amp Unit: 1: Integrated Circuits

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

The 741 IC Op-Amp Unit: 1: Integrated Circuits

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology,

The 741 IC Op-amp

08/08/2020 NEHA KEC- 501 (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) UNIT- 1 1

• Vision and Mission of the Institute

08/08/2020 NEHA KEC- 501 (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) UNIT- 1 2

• CO-PO & CO-PSO Mapping

• The 741 OPAMP Circuit

• Small Signal Analysis of 741

• Gain, Frequency response and Slew Rate of 741

• YouTube Video Links

08/08/2020 NEHA KEC- 501 (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) UNIT- 1 3

• Nptel Video Links

08/08/2020 NEHA KEC- 501 (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) UNIT- 1 4

Vision of the Institute

To be an institute of academic excellence in the field of education, with

Mission of the Institute

To impart to its students a high quality education, develop their skills,

08/08/2020 NEHA KEC- 501 (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) UNIT- 1 5

Vision of the Department

Mission of the Department

PEO-1 To have excellent scientific and engineering breadth so as to

PEO-2 To lead a successful career in industries or to pursue higher

PEO-3 To effectively bridge the gap between industry and academics

08/08/2020 NEHA KEC- 501 (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) UNIT- 1 7

On successful completion of graduation degree the Electronics and

Design/development of solutions: Use their skills to work in modern

Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual and as a

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics,

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research based

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,

08/08/2020 NEHA KEC- 501 (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) UNIT- 1 10

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual,

08/08/2020 NEHA KEC- 501 (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) UNIT- 1 11

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and

08/08/2020 NEHA KEC- 501 (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) UNIT- 1 12

08/08/2020 NEHA KEC- 501 (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) UNIT- 1 13

08/08/2020 NEHA KEC- 501 (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) UNIT- 1 14

The intended objectives of this course are given as follows:

08/08/2020 NEHA KEC- 501 (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) UNIT- 1 15

To understand the basic

08/08/2020 NEHA KEC- 501 (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) UNIT- 3 16

At the end of this course students will able to:

08/08/2020 NEHA KEC- 501 (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) UNIT- 1 17

L1: Knowledge L2: Understand L3: Application

COURSE COURSE OUTCOMES Bloom’s

KEC Interpret in-depth knowledge on internal circuits of 741 IC L2

08/08/2020 NEHA KEC- 501 (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) UNIT- 1 18

Enter correlation levels 1, 2 or 3 as defined below:

Average 3 2.8 2.8 2 - 2 - - - - - 2.2 1.8 1.8 3

08/08/2020 NEHA KEC- 501 (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) UNIT- 1 19

Prerequisite: The basic prerequisites for this course are familiarity with

08/08/2020 NEHA KEC- 501 (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) UNIT- 1 20

08/08/2020 NEHA KEC- 501 (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) UNIT- 1 21

General Operational Amplifier Stages

Small Signal (AC) Analysis of 741

Gain, Frequency response and Slew Rate of 741

08/08/2020 NEHA KEC- 501 (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) UNIT- 1 22

General Operational Amplifier Stages