Evolution of Mobile and Wireless

Communication

Salahadin Seid
salubinseid@gmail.com
salahadin.seid@kiot.edu.et
Evolution

Success of mobile and wireless communication is beyond its most optimistic
initial expectations.

A vision with to use a single communication device with a motto “anytime
anywhere”
Evolution

Success of mobile and wireless communication is beyond its most optimistic
initial expectations.
Year 1G 2G 3G 4G, LTE 5G
Release year 1980s~ 1990s~ 2000s~ 2010s~ 2020~
 # of 20 million (0.5%) 700 million 18 billion (27 %) 70 billion ~(Over ?
subscribers (11%) 100%)

Voice Analoge Type Digital Type Digital Type VoLTE (Data type)

Transmission  FM Digital

SMS X O O O

MMS X X O O

Video call x x O O

Data rate X 14.4 kbps ~ 384kbps ~ 100 Mbps ~ 1Gbps

384kbps 10Mbps
Evolution …
1G
 AT&T’s Bell labs invented early 1G system
 Early 1970s
 Deployed in the early 1980s
 NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) 1981 - 
 TACS (Total Access Communication System) 1983 -
England, Ireland and Japan 
 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) 1983 - USA,
South Korea and Australia 
 Each these three systems did not communicate each
other. 
1G …
 Voice only
 Analog cellular phones / Analog signal
 AT&T designed cellular structure to reuse frequency
 No two adjacent cells use the same frequency
1G …
 Key technologies
 Cellular structure – It is the most important development in
mobile communication history
 AT&T Bells lab invented the cellular concept
1G …
 Key technologies
 FDMA – Frequency Division Multiple Access
1G …
 Drawback of 1G
 Large size
 Poor battery
 Poor voice quality
 No security
 Expensive service fee
Cellular Networks
 Proposed by Bell Labs 1971 Geographic
Service divided into smaller “cells”
 Neighboring cells do not use same set of
frequencies to prevent interference
 Often approximate coverage area of a cell
by a idealized hexagon
 Increase system capacity by frequency
reuse.
Cellular Networks …
 Why not a large radio tower and large service area?
 Number of simultaneous users would be very limited (to total
number of traffic channels T)– 
 Mobile handset would have greater power requirement
 Cellular concept - small cells with frequency reuse
  Advantages
 lower power handsets
 Increases system capacity with frequency reuse
 Drawbacks:
 Cost of cells
 Handoffs between cells must be supported
 Need to track user to route incoming call/message
Cellular Networks …
 Propagation models represent cell as a circular area
 Approximate cell coverage with a hexagon - allows easier
analysis
 Real world cells 
 Real worlds cells 
 In the practice of cell planning, cells are
not hexagonal as in the theoretical
studies. 
 Computer methods are being used for
optimised planning of base station
location and cell frequencies. 
 Pathloss and link budgets are computed
from the terrain features and antenna
data. 
 This determines to coverage of each base
station and interference to other cells.
Principle of cellular frequency reuse 
 Frequencies allocated are re-used in regular pattern of
areas – cells (covered by one base station).
 Usually hexagonal 
 To avoid interferences, adjacent cells use different
frequencies. 
 In fact, a set of C different frequencies {f1, ..., fC} are used
for each cluster of C adjacent cells. 
 Cluster patterns and the corresponding frequencies are re-
used in a regular pattern over the entire service area.
Frequency Reuse
Frequency Reuse
 D = minimum distance between centers of cells that use the same
band of frequencies (called co-channels)
 R = radius of a cell
 d = distance between centers of adjacent cells (d = R√3)
 N = number of cells in repetitious pattern (Cluster)
 Reuse factor
 Each cell in pattern uses unique band of frequencies
 Hexagonal cell pattern, following values of N possible
N = I2 + J2 + (I x J), I, J = 0, 1,2,3, …
 Possible values of N are 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16, 19, 21, ...
 Reuse Ratio = Distance/Radius = D/R= √3N
 D/d = √N
Frequency reuse …

Frequency reuse plan for C = 3, with

hexagonal cells. (i=1, j =1) 
Frequency reuse plan for C = 7 (i=2, j =1). 
Frequency Reuse
 To locate the nearest co-channel neighbors of a
particular cell,
 move i cells along any chain of hexagons and then
 turn 60 degrees counterclockwise and move j cells.

 Exercise: For N = 4, what are the values of i and j?

Frequency Reuse …
Frequency Reuse example
 What would be the minimum distance between the
centers of two cells with the same band of frequencies if
cell radius is 1 km and the reuse factor is 12?
 Solution
 D/R = √3N
 D = (3 x 12 ) ½ x 1km = 6km
Homework
 The distance between cell centers with the same
frequency band is required to be more than 6 km. What is
the cell radius for the cluster size of 12.
Sectoring
 Sectoring
• make cluster size smaller
 Use directional antennas rather than omni-directional
 cell divided into 3 (120o sectoring) or 6 (60o sectoring)
equally
sized sectors
120 sectoring
 Frequencies/traffic channels assigned to cells must
partitioned
into 3 or 6 disjoint sets
 Reduces the number of co-channel cells causing
interference
 Disadvantages: need intra-cell handoff, increases
complexity
Frequency reuses Notation
 N×S×K frequency reuse pattern
 N=Number of cells per cluster
 S= Number of sectors in a cell
 K = Number of frequency allocations per cell
Frequency reuses Notation …
Homework
 Label the frequency reuse patterns below.