OUTLINE OF LECTURE-02

• Even function and Odd function

• One-One and Inverse Function
• Find Domain & Rang.
• Limit of a Function
VEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS:

Fig: Even Function Fig: Odd Function

NE-ONE FUNCTIONS

Definition:
A function y = f (x) is said to be one-one if and only if every input has distinct
image, i.e. if f (x1) ≠ f (x2) whenever x1 ≠ x2 .

e.g. f (x) = x2 ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 is an one-one function.

INVERSE FUNCTIONS:
 f- ─1
Domain of f −1 = Range of f
y  x2 1 y  f ( x)
Range of f −1 = Domain of f
x  2 y 1 x  g ( y )  f 1 ( x )

# Find a formula for the inverse of f  x   3 x  2 with x as the

independent variable, and state the domain of f ─1.
Solution: Given f  x   3 x  2
Then we solve this equation for x as a function of y:
y  f  x   3x  2
y 2  3x  2
1
1  f 1  x   ( x 2  2)
x  ( y 2  2) 3
3
We know that the domain of f ─1 is the range of f. Therefore the domain of f ─1 is
[0, +∞)
1 2
Note: the domain of function independently of the function x  ( y  2) is
(─∞, +∞) 3
# Find domain and range of the following function
1
f  x 
x5
Solution:
Here the function y = f(x) is defined if x+ 5 ≠ 0 ⇒ x≠−5

∴ Domain, Df = (− ∞, − 5) ∪ (− 5, ∞) = ℝ − {−5}
Now, 1
y  f  x   xy  5 y  1  xy  1  5 y
x5
1 5y 1 1 5y
 x  f ( x)  x 
y y
The function f −1(x) is defined if y ≠ 0.

∴ Domain of f −1(x) = (− ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) = Range of f (x) . ▄

# Find domain and range of the following function
x 1
f  x 
x 1
Solution:
Here the function y = f(x) is defined if x−1≠0 ⇒ x≠1

∴ Domain, Df = {x : x ≠ 1} =(− ∞, 1) ∪ (1, +∞) = ℝ − {1}

Now,
x 1 y 1
y  f  x   xy  y  x  1  x( y  1)  y  1  x 
x 1 y 1
1 y 1
 f ( x)  x 
y 1
The function f −1(x) is defined if y −1≠ 0 i.e. y ≠ 1.

∴ Domain of f −1(x) = (− ∞, 1) ∪ (1, ∞) = Range of f (x) . ▄

COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS:
#

NOTE:

(─ ∞, + ∞) [0, + ∞)

Domain is [0, + ∞) not (─ ∞, + ∞)

# Let f (x)= x2+ 3 and g(x)= √x. Find (fog)(x) and its domain.

Solution:
Here, f (x)= x2+ 3
g(x)= √x

The formula for (fog)(x) = f (g(x)) is-

f (g(x))= [g(x)]2 + 3 =(√x)2 +3 = x +3

Since the function g(x) is defined if x ≥0. So domain of g(x) is [0, +∞).

Again, the function f (x) is defined for all real numbers. So domain of
f (x) is (−∞, +∞).

Therefore the domain of (fog)(x) is [0, +∞) ∩(−∞, +∞) = [0, +∞) ▄
LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS:
y
Right hand limit

Left-hand limit

Definition of Limit:
Let f (x) be defined on an open interval about x0 (except possibly at x0
itself). We say that the limit of f (x) as x approaches x0 is the number L,
and write- lim f  x   L
x  x0

The function f(x) has a limit

Left Hand Limit or L.H.L = lim f  x   L
x  xo
or Limit exist if and only if-

Right Hand Limit or R.H.L = lim f  x   L

x  xo
L.H.L = R.H.L
# What is the limit of y = f(x) = x + 1 as x 1 ? i.e. find lim x1 f (x).

Solution:
L.H.L= lim  x  1  1  1  2
x 1

R.H.L= lim  x  1  1  1  2
x 1

 lim f ( x)  lim  x  1  2
x 1 x 1

# What is the different between f (1) and lim f ( x)  2

x 1
?

f (1)  the value of the function at x = 1

lim f ( x)
x 1
→The limit of the function when it approaches to x = 1.

** It is not necessary that the functional value and the limit

of a function will be same
# Does the limit of the following function exist at x = 1 ?
x2 1
f ( x) 
x 1
Solution:
The function y = f (x) is undefined if x = 1. So we can write-

( x  1)( x  1)
f ( x) 
x 1
 ( x  1) ; x  1
Therefore,
 x 1 ; x 1
f ( x)  
undefined ; x  1

L.H.L= lim f  x   x  1  1  1  2
x 1

R.H.L= lim f  x   1  1  2
x 1
But here f (1)= undefined

 the limt is exist at x  1 and it is lim f ( x)  2

x 1
LIMITS OF PICEWISE-DEFINED FUNCTIONS:

x→2─ & x→2+ , g(x) →1

x→1─ , g(x) →1

x→1+ , g(x) →0 x→3─ & x→3+ , g(x) →0

a. lim g ( x) does not exist b. lim g ( x)  1

x2
c. lim g ( x)  0
x 3
x 1
True of False?
# Does the limit of the following function exist as x→3 ?

 1 ( x  2) ; x  2

f ( x )   x 2  5 ;2  x  3
 x  13 ; x3


Solution: Here L. H . L  lim f ( x )  lim ( x 2  5)  4

x 3  x 3 

R .H . L  lim f ( x )  lim ( x  13 )  4
x 3  x 3 

Therefore, the limit is exist

at x→3 and it is 4.▄
# Sketch and

f(2)

x
lim 
f ( x)  lim (
2
) 1 ; lim f ( x)  lim (3  x)  1

and f (2)= 2
x2 x 2 x2 x2