Dr.H. Masrupi,M.

Pd

Napoleon Bonaparte

And Romanticism
 “Power is my mistress.”
• State system is dead

 
• Europe must be
organized under
French hegemony
• Administrative reform                                                   

and Napoleonic Code

              

must spread
throughout Europe
 Origins
• Father and mother • 1784 enters Ecole
nobility in Corsica Militaire in Paris at
age 15
• Entered Brienne
• Finished 2-year
Military Academy at
program in 1 year
age 9 on scholarship
• Becomes officer at age
• Leadership skills 16
obvious • In favor of the
• Considered an outsider Revolution
 Man of Destiny
• Rationalist and • French military
opportunist expansion continues
• Romantic: studied under Directory
Alexander the Great • March 1795 Peace
and Hannibal concluded with
• Devoted to his family Prussia and Spain
• 1793, defeats Great • War continued with
Britain at Toulon— Great Britain and
Brigadier General Austria—Directory
needed Military
 Napoleon’s Rise
• 1795—drove out • By November 1797,
royalists and saved France has defeated all
Revolution of her enemies except
• Meets Josephine Great Britain
• 1796, marries • Returns to Paris as a
Josephine hero
• 1796—goes to Italy to • Decides to attack GB
command troops there through Egypt
 Napoleon’s Army of the Orient
• Attempt to destroy Britain’s Trade with
India
• 35,000 members
• Napoleon’s army moved to Cairo: 15,000
march across desert; 10,000 shipped by
barge upriver
• Army meets 6,000 mounted Mamelukes
and local force of 54,000 and wins
Egyptian Campaign

• 7/1798—Battle of the
Pyramids: Napoleon
victorious in
Alexandria
• Became intellectual
campaign
 Discoveries
• Rosetta Stone
discovered
• Tombs explored

 
• Treasures taken back
to France
• Josephine unfaithful
• Austria, Russia, GB
form new coalition:
                                                                          infidelities published
                          
 GB defeats Napoleon on Water
• August 1,1798 French fleet destroyed in Aboukir
Bay
• Army becomes marooned
• Second coalition formed, including GB, Russia,
Turkey, Naples, Portugal, Austria
• French become bogged down
• Napoleon quits Egypt with a few men and guides:
sails back to Paris—His victories on land precede
him; he is seen as a hero
 Coup of 18 Brumaire
• Directory weak: Abbe
Sieyes convinces
Napoleon to
overthrow the
Directory
• Napoleon addresses
assembly:
“Confidence from
below, power from
above”
 Napoleon as First Consul
• Assembly shouts • New constitution created:
down Napoleon Constitution of Year VIII:
three consuls to lead
• He becomes angry
• Republican theory: checks
• Saved by his brother and balances
Lucien, who leads • Council of State
army into the • Made Napoleon actual
Assembly Hall ruler
• Approved by plebiscite
(3,011,077to 1,567)
 End of French Revolution?
New Constitution of Year VIII could be seen
as end of FR
Most leading elements of Third Estate had
achieved their goals by 1799
Hereditary privilege abolished
Peasants also satisfied—they had land, no
feudal privileges
 Napoleon as First Consul
• Maintained order by • Improved education
his policies: • Concordat of 1801
• Liberal Policies: with Pope Pius VII
• Employed people from • Catholics gain
all political groups freedom of worship
• Gains of peasants • Catholicism is religion
confirmed of most Frenchmen
• Amnesty to nobles • State named bishops
granted and paid priests
 1st Consul, continued
• Church gave up • Central government
property controlled Provinces
• Clergy swore loyalty • Stopped free speech
to state and press
• Conservative Order • Crushed opposition:
– Murdered Bourbon secret police
Duke d’Enghien in developed
1804
• Stopped free elections
 Civil Code 1804
• Middle class equality • Property distributed
• Safeguarded property among all children
rights • Married women had to
• Abolished all consult their husbands
Privileges of birth to dispose of property
• State officials chosen • Labor unions
by merit
forbidden: workers
• Gave men control over
had fewer rights than
their wives
employers
 Napoleon as Emperor
• Fear of Bourbon
comeback
• 1802 plebiscite:
Consul for life
• 1804: Napoleon
becomes emperor of
France
• New constitution by
plebiscite approves
 Coronation
• Coronation at Notre
Dame
• Pope comes to crown
Napoleon
• At last moment,
Napoleon takes crown
from Pope and crowns
himself
 Napoleon’s personal life
• Josephine crowned his
empress
• By 1809 he wanted
blood heirs—
Josephine could not
give him any
• Divorces her, marries
Archduchess Marie
Louise
Military Methods and Conquests
• Military genius, • Live off land
especially in execution • Light-speed
of warfare maneuvers to bring
• New theory enemies into battle
• Great citizen army
• Flexible formations in
motivated to fight well
battle, not fixed ones
• 700,000 strong
• Divided into • Could risk 100,000
moderately sized units men at a time
 Methods and conquests
• Conscripted • Conquest of Europe:
unprecedented number – 1801 Austria defeated
of soldiers – 1802 Peace with GB
• Loyal to France and – Peace of Amiens a
Napoleon truce
– 1803 Third Coalition
formed (Aus, Rus,
Swed, GB)
 1805 Battle of Trafalgar
• Spain submits to
Napoleon; join fleets to
sail against England
• Meet Horatio Nelson at
Trafalgar
• 21 October: Fr/SP fleets
destroyed; GB loses no
ships
• GB dominant at sea 100
years
 Austerlitz
• December 2, 1805
• Defeats Austria and
Russia
• Treaty of Pressburg
signed
• Napoleon gains Italy
 1806 Battle of Jena
• Prussia defeated

 
• Berlin Decrees signed
Nov 21, 1806
• Prussia loses much
territory
                                                                                                       

• Agrees to bar British

goods from import
 Treaty of Tilsit
• Alexander I meets
Napoleon in 1807 on
raft in Niemen River
• Russia agrees to
Continental system
• French territorial gains
confirmed
• Russia loses land
 Continental System and Grand
Empire
• 1806 Holy Roman • Spain, Italy, Holland,
Empire dissolved Sweden
• Germany re-organized • Napoleonic Code
as Confederation of everywhere: end of
the Rhine feudalism and local
• New Kingdoms set up town oligarchies
with Napoleon’s
family/friends on
thrones
 System at work
• Attempts to destroy • GB trades with
GB trade dominance America and East
• Napoleon rejected idea • Continental system
of free trade hurts Continent
• Tariff policies favored • Problems begin:
France Spanish revolt, 1808
• Foreign merchants —against Joseph on
engaged in smuggling throne
 Problems for Napoleon
• 1808 Peninsular War • Suffers defeat at hands
saps French strength of cold (coldest winter
• Britain begins in 100 years)
blockade • Russian scorched earth
• 1810 Russia policy
withdraws from
Continental system • Retreat of Russians
• 1812, march on • Resistance by entire
Russia; 600,000 men Russian population
 Retreat from Moscow
• Supply train had been

 
attacked
• Typhus rampant among
troops
• Discipline broke down
                                                                                                       
• At Berezina, soldiers were
attacked and panicked
• Bridge broke—20,000
died or captured
• 100,000 survived retreat
 4th Coalition
• Napoleon able to get • Prussia: 270,000
army together quickly: – Seen as German war of
350,000 members in 6 Liberation:
months – Battle of Nations:
• 1813, Russia, Prussia, – France defeated at
Austria, GB form 4th Leipzig in Germany
coalition – Allies take Paris in
March, 1814
• Prussian army – Napoleon abdicates
modernized and and exiled to Elba
reorganized
 Congress of Vienna
• Viscount Robert • No power should
Castelreagh (GB) dominate
• Prince Klemens von • Balance of Power sets
Metternich (Aus) stage for Concert of
• Charles Maurice de Europe
Talleyrand (Fr) • Policy to contain France
• Karl August von • Holland made stronger
Hardenberg (Prus) with addition of Aus
(Frederick Willhelm) Netherlands
• Alexander I (Rus)
• Austria given N. Italy • Concert of Europe:
• Prussia given • Frequent meetings for
Rhineland several years
• Non-vindictive • No major general war
boundary settlement in Europe for 100
w/France (1792) years
• Restoration of
Monarchies
 100 Days
• Napoleon escapes • Defeated by Prussians
from Elba 1815 and English: Duke of
• Promised liberal Wellington leads
constitution and peace English/von Blucher
• Allies declare leads Prussians
Napoleon an outlaw • Napoleon exiled to St.
• 5th coalition formed Helena
• Battle of Waterloo • Died from cancer
1815
1821