Force, Motion & Energy

Module 1: Force and Motion

Magno R. Abueme
 Transition from grade 3 to grade 6

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 Transition from grade 7 to grade
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 Grade 7: How do objects
move?

Grade 8: Why do objects move

the way they do?
 Grade 8 Key Questions

• Do forces always result in motion?

• What are the conditions for an object to stay
at rest, to keep moving at constant velocity, or
to move with increasing velocity?
• How is force related to acceleration?
Concepts learned in Grade 7
• The change in position with respect to a reference
object is known as
• The length of path an object travels is called

• The shortest path between the point of origin and

the point of destination is called
 Concepts learned in Grade 7
• It tells how fast an object moves. Its unit of measure
can be mi/hr, km/hr, m/s.
• It tells how fast an object moves and in what
direction.

• __________________ is the rate of change in speed

or velocity.
Concepts learned in Grade 7

Task 1: You complete me!

• Find the phrase in Column B that will
complete the sentences in Column A .
 Concepts learned in Grade 7
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. If an object does not A.moving with
change its position at a changing speed or
given time interval, then it velocity. It means
is ________. that the object is
2. If an object covers equal
accelerating.
distance at equal intervals B. at rest or its speed is
of time, then it is _______. zero or not
accelerating.
3. If an object covers varying
distances at equal C. moving at constant
intervals of time, then it is speed and still not
________.
accelerating.
Concepts learned in Grade 7
An object accelerates when any one of the
following changes is observed:

Change in speed

Change in direction

Change in both speed and direction

 Mathematical Relationship of Quantities
Direct Proportionality

Quantity A 2 4 6 8

Quantity B 1 2 3 4

Quantity A is directly proportional to B.

 Inverse Proportionality

Quantity X 2 4 6 8

Quantity Y 24 12 8 6

Quantity Y is inversely proportional to X.

Forces on object at rest

When an object is at rest, there are forces (e.g.

gravity and tension) that act on the object.
Balance of forces
• Balance of forces occur
when forces:
– are equal in
magnitude and
opposite in direction,
and
– Lie along the same
line of action
Balance of Forces

Forces are
balanced
http://t2.gstatic.com/images?
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 Investigating inertia
• Objects have INERTIA - a tendency to resist
any change in its state of motion. The bigger
the mass the greater is its inertia.

http://www.google.com.ph/search
 Newton’s first law of motion
Law of Inertia: A body will remain at rest or
move at constant velocity unless acted upon
by an external net or unbalanced force.

In other words, when the net force on an object is

zero, the object stays at rest or continues its motion
at constant speed and direction.
 Activity 4: Force and acceleration
• Objective of the activity:
– Describe how the net force acting on an object
affects its acceleration.
– Explain how object move based on the
relationship of net force and acceleration.

Materials:
Tape chart, foot rule
Tasks:
1.Work in group. Each group may have 4 subgroup.
Sub-group One will work on a tape chart where
one rubber band was used. Sub-group 2 on tape
chart where 2 rubber bands were used, and so on.
2.Read the procedure first then perform it. Write
your group’s answer for Q12 to Q20 and Table 1
on the given Manila paper.
3.You have 15 minutes to complete the task.
 Activity 4: Force and Acceleration

A group of students conducted an experiment to

determine the relationship between the force acting
on the object and its acceleration. They used
identical rubber bands to pull the cart. They varied
the number of rubber bands to vary the force acting
on the cart.
 They used a ticker tape timer to determine the
acceleration of the cart. They connected a ticker
tape to the cart such that when the cart was pulled,
the paper tape will be pulled through the timer.
And as the paper tape was pulled through the
timer, small dots are formed on the tape.

Dots are formed on the tape

 Analysis
Q12. Compare the charts. What similarities and
differences have you noticed among them?
Q13. What does the increase in the lengths of the
strips suggest? What can you say about the
motion of the cart - is it moving in uniform
motion or is it accelerating? Is this also true with
the other runs?
Q14. How do you compare the increase in length of
the strips in F= 1 unit? What does this tell you
about the change in the velocity of the cart? Is
this also true with the other tape charts?
Q15. How do you compare the increase in length of
the strips among the four tape charts? Which
tape chart shows the greatest increase in the
length of the strips? Which tape chart shows the
least increase in the length of the strips?
Q16. Describe the line formed. Does the same
pattern exist for the other tape charts?
Q17. How do the values of vave compare? What
does this tell you about the motion of the cart?
Q18. How do the computed values of ∆v compare?
What does this tell you about the motion of the
cart?
Q19. How do your computed values of a compare?
Q20. In this activity, the number of rubber bands
represents the magnitude or amount of the force
acting on the cart. How is acceleration of the cart
related t the amount of force acting on it?
d

Tape chart for F = 1 unit

 Sample Data
Distance (cm) Time (s) Velocity (cm/s) Change in Acceleration
velocity (cm/s) (cm/s2)
2.5 0.1 25
3.0 0.1 30 5 50
3.5 0.1 35 5 50
4.0 0.1 40 5 50
F=1 unit F= 2 units F= 3 units F= 4 units
 200
Acceleration (cm/s2 )

150

100

50

1 2 3 4
Force (unit)

“ The acceleration of the object is directly proportional to the

net force acting upon it. “

a  Fnet ; mass = controlled

variable
 Abstraction
• How does the net force acting on an object affect
its acceleration?
– As the net force increases, the acceleration also
increases.
• What relationship exists between acceleration
and net force?
– When mass remains the same, acceleration is
directly proportional to the net force.
 Application
1. An elevator car accelerates at 2 m/s2 when a
net force of 1000 N acts on it. How much force
must be exerted for the elevator car to
accelerate at 4 m/s2? at 1 m/s2?
2. The comet in the picture below is shown at different
points of its orbit. As the comet gets closer to the
sun, its speed increases. Does the comet accelerate?
Why or why not? What causes its motion?

Photo taken from http://t0.gstatic.com/images?

q=tbn:ANd9GcQULraE5QiF1_a_gddNznkErlnY7HEb7uu1
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Closure

Photo taken from bayanihancomputing.net

“How does the picture relate to the idea that the

acceleration is directly proportional to the net force”?
How does it relate to teamwork in accomplishing a
difficult task?
Teaching science in the K to 12 curriculum is
indeed a difficult task. But this big task will be
easily overcome (done) if we will cooperate
and work as a
T-Together
E-Everyone
A-Achieves
M-More
Moving on…
Aside from the net force, what other factor may
affect the acceleration of an object?
What if the mass of the object is changed
and the force is kept constant?
Force, F
m
͠ a
Force, F
m ͠
a

Acceleration is inversely proportional to

its mass when net force is constant.
• When the total mass of a trolley is 50 kg, it
accelerates at 4 m/s2 . What would be its
acceleration when its mass is as shown in the
table below, assuming that the man exerts the
same force every time?

Mass in Acceleration
Kg in m/s2
50 4
100 ?
200 ?
25 ?
 Combo Deal

Directly proportional Inversely proportional

(at constant mass) (at constant net
force)
Therefore,

The acceleration of an object is directly

proportional to the magnitude of the net
force acting on it and is inversely
proportional to its mass.
Mathematically,

In equation form, a = Fnet /m

In other form, Fnet = m.a

Units of measure of force:

Newton, N = kg. m/s2
Suppose the ball of mass 0.60 kg is hit
with a force of 12 N. What will be its
acceleration?
 Balanced Versus Unbalanced Forces
Balanced forces Forces are Unbalanced

Objects at rest Objects in motion

There is an acceleration
( v = 0 m/s) (v ≠ 0)

The acceleration The acceleration

a = 0 m/s2 a = 0 m/s2
depends directly depends inversely
on the net force on the object’s
Stay at rest Stay in motion mass
(same speed and direction)
The law of interaction in daily life

All photos are taken from www..google .com

 Third Law of Motion: Law of
Interaction
• For every action, there is equal and opposite
reaction.
• Action-reaction forces DO NOT balance each other out.
Why?
Action-Reaction Forces Balanced Forces
Two forces are equal in size Two forces are equal in size
Two forces are opposite to each Two forces are opposite to each
other other
Two forces have the same line of Two forces have the same line of
force force
Action acts on one object while the Two forces act on the same object.
reaction force acts on the other
object
 Law of Interaction in Life
o You can not push without getting
pushed back.

o Love begets love.

o Do not do unto others what you

do not want others do unto you.
• Using Newton’s laws of motion, explain why
the small car obtain more damage?
1. If an object stays at rest, there is no force
acting upon it.
2. An object continues to move at constant
velocity because a constant force acts on it.
3. If the speed of an object increases, its
acceleration also increases.
4. Objects move because they have a force; they
stop when their force is already used up.
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