Chapter 2

Forces & Motion

Dear students,
It’s not the cards you’re dealt it’s how you play the game !!!

Concept Map
Forces & Motion
Kinematics Dynamics

Linear Motion Inertia Effects of Forces Linear Momentum

Distance Displacement Mass Newton’s Elastic/ Explosion

2nd Law of Inelastic
Speed Velocity Newton’s Motion Collision
1st Law of
Motion F=ma
Acceleration/Deceleration Principle of
Conservation of
Principle of Principle of momentum
Graphs Linear Motion Resultant Resolution
Equations Force of Force
Work

Newton’s 3rd Power Energy

Law of Motion
2.1 Linear Motion

Physical Quantity
Distance, l Displacement, l
Distance is the total path length traveled from The distance of its final position from its initial
one location to another. position in a specified direction.

Velocity Speed
Rate of change of displacement. Rate of change of distance

Average speed Average velocity

Jumlah jarak yang dilalui Sesaran
Laju Purata  Halaju Purata 
Masa yang diambil Masa yang diambil

Uniform speed Uniform velocity

Speed that remains the same in magnitude Velocity that remains the same in magnitude
regardless of its direction. and direction.

Acceleration
the rate of change of velocity
Change in velocity
Acceleration 
Time

4
 40 ms-1 40 ms-1

30 ms-1

30 ms-1
uniform
speed  uniform
speed 
 
uniform 20 ms-1 uniform
velocity velocity
20 ms-1 10 ms-1

10 ms-1

Constant = same / uniform / fixed / unchanged

Zero velocity = not moving / stationery
Negative velocity = object moving opposite direction
Zero acceleration = uniform velocity
Positive acceleration = increasing velocity
Negative acceleration = decreasing velocity 5
An object has a uniform velocity only if:

 
the direction of motion same or the magnitude of its velocity
linear motion + constant

An object has a uniform speed if:

the magnitude of its speed
constant regardless direction.

10 ms-1
10 ms-1

10 ms-1
10 ms-1

 
uniform uniform
speed speed

 
uniform uniform
10 ms-1
velocity velocity

10 ms-1 10 ms-1

10 ms-1
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Example 1
An aeroplane flies towards the north with a velocity
300 km/hr in one hour. Then, the plane moves to
the east with the velocity 400 km / hr in one hour.
(a) What is the average speed of the plane?
(b) What is the average velocity of the plane?
a) 350 km/j
b) 250 km/j
c) Refer to p.4
Example 2
The speedometer reading for a car
traveling north shows 70 km/hr. Another
car traveling at 70 km/hr towards south.
Is the speed of both cars same? Is the
velocity of both cars same?
Same speed but different velocity
(different direction)
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Ticker timer Velocity

• Use: 12 V a.c power supply 11 dots

• 1 tick = time interval between two
dots.
• The time taken to make 50 ticks on the ticker x cm
tape is 1 second. Hence, the time interval Time, t = (11 - 1 ) x 0.02 s
between 2 consecutive dots is 1/50 = 0.02 s. = 0.2 s

• 1 tick = 0.02 s Displacement, s = x

s x
No. of ticks = Bil. dots - 1 Velocity = =
t 0.2

Acceleration
Elapse time, t = (5 - 1 ) x 0.2 s
11 dots Direction of movement = 0.8 s
Initial x1
velocity, u =
0.2
x1 cm x2 cm
Final x2
velocity, v =
0.2
v -u
Acceleration = 8
t
The Equations of Motion

1
s  (u  v)t
2

v  u  at

v  u  2as
2 2

1 2 u = initial velocity

s  ut  at v = final velocity
t = time taken
2 s = displacement
a = constant acceleration

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Exercise 2.1

1. The diagram above shows a ticker tape Length (cm)

chart for a moving trolley. The frequency of
the ticker-timer used is 50 Hz. Each section 12
has 11 dots.
a) What is the time between two dots. 10
b) What is the time for one strips.
c) What is the initial velocity 8
d) What is the final velocity.
e) What is the time interval to change from 6
initial velocity to final velocity?
f) What is the acceleration of the object. 4

Ticks
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Ans: a) 0.02s b) 0.2s c) 10cms-1 d) 60cms-1 e) 2s f) 25cms-2 10

2. A rocket accelerates with 20 ms-2. 3. A van travels up a slope and it stops after
Calculate its velocity after 2.5 minutes if its 12 seconds. Its initial velocity is 18 ms-1.
initial velocity is 3000 ms-1. Calculate its acceleration.
Ans : 6000 ms-1 Ans : 72.9 m

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4. A group of student made a rocket and
launched it vertically upwards with velocity
of 27 ms-1. What is the total distance
travelled by the rocket?
[Assume g = 10 ms-2]
Ans : - 1.5 ms-2

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Exercise
Question 1

A 6 cm B

Based on the above portion of ticker tape, determine

a) time taken from point A to B
b) average speed.
Ans: a) 0.18s b) 33.33ms-1

Question 2
Based on the ticker tape portion given above, determine the acceleration.

3 cm 5 cm
Ans : u = 30 ms-1
v = 50 ms-1
a = 50 ms-2

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 Ticker Tape Ticker Chart Type of Motion
Constant velocity
(i)
(i) Lower velocity

Length/cm
(ii) Higher velocity
(ii)

• Distance between the dots

increases uniformly
• The velocity is of the object is

Length/cm
Increasing uniformly
________________________
• The object is moving at a
uniform / constant
acceleration
________________________

• Distance between the dots

decrease uniformly
• The velocity of the object is
Length/cm

________________________
decreasing uniformly
• The object is experiencing
uniform / constant
________________________
deceleration
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2.2 Motion Graphs

Displacement – Time Graph Part Gradient Velocity Acceleration

+ve and
s /m A–B +ve and constant 0 / zero
constant
B C
B–C 0 0 / zero 0 / zero

–ve and
C–D –ve and constant 0 / zero
constant
t/s
A D

Velocity-time Graph
Part Gradient Acceleration Displacement
v /m
+ve and +ve and Area under the
A–B
B C constant constant line AB
Area under the
B–C 0 0 / zero
line BC

t/s –ve and –ve and Area under the

A D C–D
constant constant line CD

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Motion Graphs 16
s versus t v versus t a versus t

Zero velocity s v a

t t t

Constant velocity
s v a

t t t
Negative & s v a
constant velocity

t t
 s versus t v versus t a versus t

Constant s v a
acceleration

t t t

Constant s v a
deceleration

t t
*** Gradient of s-t graph represent velocity. Gradient ↑, velocity ↑.

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