Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DYNAMICS ME-213
BY
ENGR.RAUF AHMAD

Dynamics ME-213, Lec 01

Textbook
• ENGINEERING MECHANICS,
DYNAMICS
R. C. HIBBLER, &
DYNAMIC STUDY PACK
• ENGINEERING MECHANICS
(VOL.2) BY J.L. MERIAM &
L.G. KRAIGE

Dynamics ME-213, Lec 01

Course Contents: (2-2-4)

 Kinematics of particles: Rectilinear motion, plane curvilinear motion,

rectangular coordinates, normal and tangential coordinates, polar
coordinates, space curvilinear motion.
 Kinetics of particles: Force, mass and acceleration, Newton second law of
motion, equation of motion, rectilinear motion, curvilinear motion, work and
energy, potential energy, impulse and momentum, conservation of
momentum.
 Plane kinematics of rigid bodies: Angular motion relations, absolute
motion, relative velocity, instantaneous center of zero velocity, relative
acceleration, motion relative to rotating axis.
 Plane kinematics of rigid bodies: Force, mass and acceleration, general
equation of motion, translation, fixed axis rotation, work and energy, work
energy relation, impulse and moment, impulse and moment equation.

Dynamics ME-213, Lec 01

What we do with Problems

Problems
How we Deal with Problems?

Describe Motion

Pick Physical Law

Apply Correct Math

Areas of mechanics (Section12.1)

Mechanics

Rigid-body Deformable-body fluid

Static Dynamics
Equilibrium body Accelerated motion body

Kinematics
(Geometric aspect of motion)

Kinetics
(Analysis of force causing the motion)

Dynamics ME-213, Lec 01

 Areas of mechanics (section12.1)

1) Statics (ME-201)
- Concerned with body at rest
2) Dynamics
- Concerned with body in motion
1. Kinematics, is a study the geometry of the
motion
s, v, a, & t
2. Kinetics, is a study of forces cause the
motion F, m, motion

Dynamics ME-213, Lec 01

Kinematics of Particles

 Particles : has mass but negligible size

and shape
All objects such as rockets,
projectiles, or vehicles will be
considered as particles “has negligible
size and shape”

Dynamics ME-213, Lec 01

Rectilinear Kinematics
Section 12.2
 Rectilinear : Straight line motion
 Kinematics : Study the geometry of
the motion dealing with s, v, a, & t.
 Rectilinear Kinematics : To identify
at any given instant, the particle’s
position, velocity, and acceleration.

Dynamics ME-213, Lec 01

Review of Vectors and Scalars

A Vector quantity has both

magnitude and direction
 A Scalar quantity has magnitude
only

Dynamics ME-213, Lec 01

Vectors
 Can be represented by an arrow (called
the “vector”)
 Length of the vector represents the
magnitude of the quantity
 Symbols for vectors:
(e.g. force) F , or F ,or F (bold type)

F 2F

Dynamics ME-213, Lec 01

 Scalars (e.g)  Vectors (e.g.)
– distance – displacement
– speed – velocity
– mass – acceleration
– temperature – force
– pure numbers – weight (force)
– time – momentum
– pressure
– area, volume
– charge
– energy

Dynamics ME-213, Lec 01

Position

 Location of a particle at any given

instant with respect to the origin

r : Displacement ( Vector )
s : Distance ( Scalar )

Dynamics ME-213, Lec 01

Distance and Displacement

N River

My Place
X
3km
City
QUT
8 km

 8km = Distance
 3km = Displacement

Dynamics ME-213, Lec 01

 Distance  Displacement
– total length of path – direct distance
travelled – shortest distance
– must be greater between two points
than (or equal to) – distance between start
magnitude of and finish points
displacement
– only equal if path is
– can describe with only
straight one direction
– symbol d
– symbol s
– s = xfinal - xinitial

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

Distance & Displacement

 For straight-line
Distance = Displacement
r = s
 r s

Vector is direction oriented

r positive (left )
r negative (right)

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

Velocity & Speed

 Velocity : Displacement per unit

time
 Average velocity :
 V = rt

 Speed : Distance per unit time

 Average speed :
 spsTt
 (Always positive scalar )

 Speed refers to the magnitude of

velocity
 Average velocity :
avg = s / t

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

 Velocity (con.)

 Instantaneous velocity :

r dr
V  lim 
t  0 t dt

 For straight-line
 r = s ds
v
dt

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

 Problem

 A particle moves along a straight line such that its position

is defined by s = (t3 – 3 t2 + 2 ) m. Determine the velocity
of the particle when t = 4 s.
ds
v  3t 2  6 t
dt

 At t = 4 s, the velocity = 3 (4)2 – 6(4) = 24 m/s

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

Acceleration
 Acceleration : The rate of change in
velocity

V  V V
 Average acceleration :
V
a avg 
t
 Instantaneous acceleration :
 v dv d 2 s
a  lim   2
t  0  t dt dt

 If v ‘ > v “ Acceleration “
 If v ‘ < v “ Deceleration”

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

 Problem
 A particle moves along a straight line such that its position
is defined by s = (t3 – 3 t2 + 2 ) m. Determine the
acceleration of the particle when t = 4 s.
ds
v  3t 2  6 t
dt

dv
a  6t  6
dt

 At t = 4 a(4) = 6(4) - 6 = 18 m/s2

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

Relation involving s, v, and a
No time t
 Position s
 Velocity
ds ds
v dt 
dt v ds dv
 
dv
v a
 Acceleration dv
a dt 
dt a

a ds  v dv

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

Problem
 A car starts from rest and moves along a straight line with an
acceleration of a = ( 3 s -1/3 ) m/s2. where s is in meters.
Determine the car’s acceleration when t = 4 s.
Rest t = 0 , v = 0
1
a ds  v dv 
s ds  3 dt
3

s 1 v
 s 1 t
 3s ds   v dv
3 

0 0
s
0
3
ds   3 dt
0
2
3 1 2
(3) s  v
3
3 3
2

2 2 s  3t
2
1
3
v  3s 3
s  ( 2t ) 2

1
ds
v  3s 3
dt
Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01
For constant acceleration
a = ac

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

Velocity as a Function of Time

dv
ac 
dt

dv  ac dt
v t

 dv   a
vo 0
c dt

v  v0  a ct
Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01
Position as a Function of Time

ds
v  v0  act
dt
s t

 ds   ( v
so 0
0  a c t ) dt

1 2
s  s0  v0t  a ct
2
Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01
Velocity as a Function of Position

v dv  ac ds
v s

 v dv   a
v0 s0
c ds

1 2 1 2
v  v0  ac ( s  s0 )
2 2

v  v  2 ac (s  s0 )
2 2
0

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

Gravity facts:

 g does not depend on the nature of the material!

 Galileo (1564-1642) figured this out without fancy clocks &
rulers!

 Nominally, g = 9.81 m/s2

 At the equator g = 9.78 m/s2
 At the North pole g = 9.83 m/s2

 More on gravity in a few lectures!

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

More free fall
 Ali and Omar are standing at the top of a cliff of height H.
Both throw a ball with initial speed v0, Ali straight down and
Omar straight up. The speed of the balls when they hit the
ground are vA and vB respectively. Which of the following is
true:

(a) vA < vB (b) vA = vB (c) vA > vB

Ali v0 Omar
v0
H
vA vB

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

 Free fall…
 Since the motion up and back down is symmetric, intuition should tell you
that v = v0
 We can prove that your intuition is correct:

Equation: v 2  v 02  2 (  g )  H  H   0

This looks just like Omar

Omar threw the ball down with
v0 v = v0 speed v0, so
the speed at the bottom
should
H
be the same as Ali’s ball.
y=0
Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01
Review
Are you going up or down?

Are you speeding up or slowing down?

a v

What will your velocity be in 1 second?

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

 Review

Are you going up or down?

t=0

Are you speeding up or slowing down?

What will your velocity be in 1 second?

a

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

 Review
Are you going up or down?
t=1

Are you speeding up or slowing down?

v
a
What will your velocity be in 1 second?

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

 Review

Are you going up or down?

t=2

Are you speeding up or slowing down?

a
v

What will your velocity be in 1 second?

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

 Review
Are you going up or down?
t=3

a v
Are you speeding up or slowing down?

What will your velocity be in 1 second?

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

 Review

a Are you going up or down?

t=4
v

Are you speeding up or slowing down?

What will your velocity be in 1 second?

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

 Review
a
v Are you going up or down?
t=5

Are you speeding up or slowing down?

What will your velocity be in 1 second?

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

 Review
a

v Are you going up or down?

t=6

Are you speeding up or slowing down?

What will your velocity be in 1 second?

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

Bungee Jumping

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

Motion 1

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

Motion 2

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

Motion 3

slowing

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

Motion 4

bottom Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

Motion 5

speeding
up

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

Motion 6

Still rising

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

Motion 7

top

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

 Velocity Acceleration Velocity Acceleration

1 5

2
6

ottom Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01

Thank you

Dynamics ME-205, Lec 01