Key question

Where do tourists prefer to go?

Why?
 Any visitor selects:

1) A safe and friendly destination

2) A destination that offers great tourism experiences within easy
driving distance
3) Offering much more than nature and the outdoors.
4) Quality health care
5) An enticing and low risk destination
 Destination Selection Process

Importance of various factors in destination selection

1) Safe from terrorists & other criminal activities

2) Good value for money
3) Friendly destination
4) No worry about health.
5) Lots to see and do.
Travel choices depends up on
Crime
Infectious diseases or other diseases
Political turmoil
Language Barriers
Medical undersupply
Bigotry
Traffic accidents
Old and badly maintained cable cars
Natural hazards
Bottlenecks in supply
 Types of Trips on priority

Nature and outdoor

Touring trip
Big city trip
Art, Culture and history
Resort trip
Shopping, restaurants and Night life.
Heterogeneity problem
Where do they prefer to go on holidays?
Household 1: Stay at home (fishing)
Household 2: Go to Wales (outdoor recreation)
Household 3: Go to South of France (seaside)
Household 4: Go to Fiji (seaside)
Household 5: Go to a remote place (expert)
Heterogeneity problem
Lessons to approach the problem
•Some households may be unaware of tourism
•Frequency of travelling is relevant
•Different tourists have different purposes for
their trips
–Seaside
–Natural Parks
–Mountain

–City
•Tourism does not offer utility to everybody:
STAGE 1: PARTICIPATION DECISION

•Tourism is demanded with different intensity by

different households:
STAGE 2: INTENSITY OF DEMAND

•Tourists have different tastes and multiple destinations

to choose from:
STAGE 3: DESTINATION CHOICE
 Destination choice: The British example

N e s t e d m u lt in o m ia l lo g it
F o r B r it is h t o u r is t s

S e a s id e N a tu ra l P a rk M o u n t a in C it y

S o u th o f F ra n c e I r e la n d A lp s P a r is

S o u t h o f S p a in C anada C z e c h R e p u b lic R om e

C a n a r y I s la n d s K e n ia N o rw a y N e w Y o rk

C a r ib b e a n S e a C o s t a R ic a L o s A n d e s (P e ru ) Tokyo

F iji N e w Z e a la n d H im a la y a s ( N e p a l) S id n e y
Main determinants of tourism demand
􀂄 Economic (e.g., prices, CPI)
􀂄 Demographic (e.g., disposable income levels)
􀂄 Geographic
􀂄 Comparative prices
􀂄 Socio-cultural (the tastes, habits and preferences
of potential buyers)
􀂄 Government/regulatory
􀂄 Media communications
 Travel phases
post trip return

H L

Origin Destination

H H

pre trip on site

M

travel to site
 Model of Planning and Decision Making
From Supply Side Formulation of
Objectives

Information Gathering &

Model Building

Forecasting
Planning Extrapolation

Evaluation Planning, Decision and

Distribution Implementation of Action

Reservation - Booking Evaluation & Reformulation

of Strategies
Marketing Cycle
 Push Factors in Destination Selection Process
The Destination Selection Process
Need to understand the process where
by tourist arrive at a decision to visit one
or more destinations. Dr. E. Siva Nagi Reddy
It depends upon the design and
Senior Faculty
distribution of brochures and maps, NITHM
leisure / recreation tourists

Push factors
1. Decision to Travel Personality

2. Evaluation of alternatives from

awareness set pf destinations

3. Final Destination Selection

4. Tourism Experience

5. Recollection & Evaluation

 The selection process begins with
The decision to travel is driven by:
the “Push” factors
the potential tourists personality
motivations
culture
prior life experience
gender
health
education.
 The next stage involves

 The evaluation of potential destinations from:

 an awareness set of all places known to the decision maker

 Places known to past visitors or

 thro reading, media or word of mouth
 New places that emerge from subsequent information search
 Push factors such as income, available time and family size
 The final selection focuses on:
 an affordable, politically stable and
accessible destination with many
attractions and
 a culture similar to that of the
decision maker

 Most consumers reach a final

decision after the serious
consideration of 3 to 5 options

 A decision could make as to which

specific country to visit (e.g.
Indonesia),
 but uncertainty may continue as to
which destinations to visit within
that country
 Multiple Decision makers

Some times the selection process is

complicated by involvement of more
than one person in the decision making
process

Purchase decisions both before and

during the trip require more time, a
compromise among group members

, Children exercise a strong influence

over their parents decisions because
of their special needs and wants

10% of inbound tourists to Australia

in 1999 consisted of family groups
that included parents and children
Pull factors influencing a destination
1.
Accessibility
The Distance Factor:

toThe Effects of distance can be reduced by

development of infrastructure

Destinations
that make more accessible to
origin regions infrastructural
and political accessibility.

Airports, Highways, Ferry

Ex: points, Trains.
 Geographical proximity to
markets
Distance decay effect:
As the distance increases
Transportation charges
increase.

The Caribbean, Mediterranean or South East

Asian Regions are dominated by Americans,
E.g. Europeans & Japanese and Australians. Out
bound travelers visit 6 of the top 10
destinations in Oceania or Southeast Asia.
 2. Availability of
attractions:
Theme Parks

Battle Field A C Scenery and

climate

Attractions

E D Business
National
Parks opportunities
 Natural Created
Attractions NITHM CAMPUS +
Waterfalls LAKE+ DUCKS+
HAMBURGER
Girls must be wondering: Why
Should Boys Have All the Fun?
 3.Cultural Tirumala, Tirupathi

links
A desire to seek exotic as
unfamiliar venues is an
imp motivation for tourists.
Similarities in culture,
language and religion are
also partial pull factors.

Mecca, Sharjah St. Petersburg, Vatican City

 4.Availability of
Services Visitor
Bureau Transport

Policing &
Medical Services
Accomm-
odation
Toilets ,
Dining,
Entertainment,
Souvenirs
Affordabili
ty

Low cost tour packages

Cost of living at destinations
Currency exchange rates
within a currency block
 Peace &
Negative effect of war
Stability
and terrorism on tourism
During the war periods there will be a
decline in inbound tourists:
•The violence between Israel or
Palestine, Iraq
•Srilanka civil war on tourism in India and
Maldives,
•Anti Soviet war in Afghanistan on
tourism in Pakistan.
•September 11th 2001
•The Bali Bomb Blast & Blast in Subway
at London 7th July 2005
 Positive market
IMAGE is the sum of beliefs, attitudes and impression held by a person
Image
towards some phenomenon

Destination images are an amalgam of assessments related to pull factors

Visitors rely on destination image in deciding one destination over another
Focus on destination awareness through promotion of their public symbols.
Tourists must be aware of the existence of a destination with positive image.
Need to manipulate the destination image
 Pro Tourism Policies
Awareness campaigns by Govt among the locals on the benefits of tourism to promote a
welcome attitude towards visitors.
Pro-tourist behavior of employees of the industry (Hotels, travel guides, customs
officials)

Easing
Easing of
of Entry
Entry Requirements
Requirements
Reduce Tourism
related Taxes

Allow Certain Special campaign by

Incentives Govt
 CROMPTON MODEL 1992

Push factors Decision to travel PersonalityM

otivations
Culture
Evaluations of alternatives
from awareness set Life
Of destinations experienceGe
Pull factors nder Health
Education
Final destination selection

Tourism experience

Recollection, Evaluation
Thank