SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER

CONVERSION USING
ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY POWER
ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS

Rajesh Gupta, Gaurang Gupta,

Dharmendra Kastwar, Amir Hussain, Hars Ranjan

Department of Electrical Engineering,

M N National Institute of Technology,
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Allahabad, INDIA
Introduction
• Photovoltaic(PV) cells are the key component in
generating electricity from solar radiations.
• Further improvement needs to be done for getting good
quality of power.
• Development of interface between the load and source
in order to get power in economical manner .
• The power flow between the PV panels and the grid is
controlled by a power conditioning system (PCS),
which should be reliable and inexpensive.
• The paper in tends to discuss the development in the
field of Solar Power Energy Development.
A Solar Cell… An Overview
• A semiconductor diode whose p-n junction is
exposed to sun light.
• Photons strike solar cell and give some energy to
the valence band electrons .
• If this energy is greater than the band gap of the
semiconductor material charge carriers are
generated that gives rise to electric current.
• Rate of Generation of charge carriers:
– Flux of the incident light
– Capacity of absorption of semiconductor
Model Of A Solar Cell
Practical Solar Cell

• Rs is due to the contact

resistance offered by metal
base.
•Rsh is due to the leakage
current of the p-n junction.
• Current through diode is
governed by Shockley Ideal Solar Cell
Equation.
I = IPV – ID - Ish
•VI characteristic equation of
a PV cell : ……(1)
 Detailed Analysis:
• Cell generated Current:

where, ……(2)
Isc is the nominal short circuit current
Ki is current temperature coefficient
T is the temperature of the cell in Kelvin
Tn is the nominal temperature
G is the solar insolation in W/m2

• Diode Saturation Current:

……(3)
where,
Io,n is the cell reverse saturation current
Eg is the band energy gap in eV
Detailed Analysis: (Contd…)
• Diode reverse saturation current:
……(4)
where,
Voc is the nominal open circuit voltage across the
module.
Vt is the thermal voltage (Vt = (Ns .kT)/q)
Ns is number of series cell.
• Characteristic of the PV cell:

- =

Ipv - ID = I
Control Variables of Solar Panel

• The output from the solar panel depends on:

1. Cell temperature 2. Solar Radiation

• Cell Temperature affects voltage to a large extent keeping current almost

constant.
• Solar radiation increases the output current, keeping voltage almost constant.
 PS CAD Implementation of Solar Panel
Specify the parameters of
Module and input the
Temperature and Insolation

Calculate IPV, Io, Io,n

At Time = 0,
I = IPV, V = 0, TEST = V

Calculate I, V = V + 0.05 b. PS CAD Modeling

V = TEST

If(I>Ipv or I<0) then,

YES Initialize I = Ipv and V = 0

if Time>0
If (V/I ) < R_load

NO
Take Reading of I and V
c. Simulation Results
a. Algorithm for Fortran77
 Experimental Results
Resistance Voltage Current
0 0 4
1.8 4.04 4
2.4 7.4 4
2.8 8.77 4
3.3 10.53 4
3.7 14.06 3.8
4.2 15.4 3.5
5.2 16.48 3.2
7.7 17.4 2.5
10 18.25 1.2
15 18.4 1.35
25 19.05 0.8
29.4 19.11 0.7
40 19.24 0.5
50 19.25 0.45
64 19.36 0.3
75 19.37 0.28
194.5 19.45 0.1

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*Specification are for TATA BP solar panel
Recent Developed Topologies
• The output of the Solar Panel is DC, that needs to be converted to
AC.
•The DC is converted to AC by using Signal Conditioning units that
not only convert DC to AC but also boosts the power level to usable
AC.
• Signal Conditioning units can be
- A single stage, - Multiple stage.
• In single stage, DC is boosted as well it is converted to AC using
single stage converter circuit.
•In multi stage, separate units boost the DC using converter and DC-
AC is done through Inverter.

Single stage .PCS Multi stage. PCS

Single Stage Topologies
• Inverter is the simplest of its
kind as it accounts for low
component resulting in low
cost and high efficiency.

• Inverter uses dc link

capacitor for energy storage. Traditional buck inverter with line frequency
transformer.

•The only drawback is that it

requires a bulky line frequency
transformer.

•But it can be replaced by a

high frequency transformer.
Single Stage Topologies (Contd.)
T1 T2 A

D1
C1 L1 C B

L2
C
C2
D2
T3 T4 F
D

Four switch buck boost inverter. Six switch buck boost inverter.

Buck-boost inverter, operates with wide input voltage range The

unit is transformer less. Two buck-boost converters share the same
output and operate at each half cycle with their own supply source.
The inductor is charged from different direction in each cycle,
hence generating an alternative output.
A distinctive feature of single-stage buck-boost inverter is the
elimination of low frequency transformers. 12
 Multi Stage Topologies
L2 L2
T5
T5
T1 T2 T1 T2
D6

L1

Cs C D C s C D

T3 T4 T3 T4

D5 T6 D 5

Two stage non isolated buck boost inverter Two stage isolated buck boost inverter.

Non Isolated Buck Boost Inverter:

A buck boost converter is added before the inverter. The PCS unit is easy to
develop and also it is cheaper. But the topology lacks in isolation between the DC-
DC conversion and DC-AC inversion.

Isolated Buck Boost Inverter:

The two stages are isolated by a high frequency transformer. The DC-AC
conversion is done through the current source inverter that operates at line
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frequency to implement the half wave inversion.
 Multi Stage Topologies (Contd.)
S 1 S 3
T1 T 2

C p v
L _ g ri
G r id d
D _ re c t
T 3 T 4 S p v
S 2 S 4

Voltage type source, push pull converter and SPWM inverter. Flyback converter with PWM inverter used for grid
interface.

For low power application, a voltage source push pull dc-dc converter is used.
The inverter stage is sinusoidal pulse-width modulated (SPWM) for getting the AC
output. The design is attractive as it is a low cost.

Another example for low power, flyback dc–dc converter together with a
PWM dc–ac inverter and can be used for grid connection. The output stage is now
made up of four transistors, which are switched at high frequency. The grid current is
modulated by alternately connecting the positive or the negative dc-link voltage.

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Single Stage Vs Mutli Stage
Parameter Single Stage Multi Stage

Efficiency High Medium

Cost Low High

Power Quality Compromised Good

Input Voltage Range Low High

Size Compact Complex

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Evolution of PV Inverter

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Simulation Result (Single Stage)

Simulation of a traditional buck inverter

• Insolation : 800 Watt per sq m.

• Cell Temperature : 313 K

• Modulating Wave : 6 sin 314t

• Carrier Wave: Triangular Wave, 5KHz, Amplitude 10V, Duty Cycle 50%

• R1 = 6 ohm, C1 = 2200 µF, R = 10 ohm, C = 50 µF, L = 0.02 H 17

Gate Pulses for S1,S2, S3, S4 (SPWM)
C om pa ris on of Re fe re nc e a nd C a rrie r wa ve

Vre f Ca rrie r
+1.1
V o lta g e (V )

+0.66

+0.22

-0 .2 2

-0 .6 6

-10.1
.0 01 0 .0 04 0 .0 07 0 .0 1 0 .0 13 0 .0 16
Tim e (s e c)
Trig e rring P uls e s

s a1
+1.1
S 1 ,S 3

+0.86
+0.62
+0.38
+0.14
-0 .1 0 0 .0 0 3 4 0 .0 06 8 0 .0 10 2 0 .0 13 6 0 .0 17

s a3
+1.1
S 2, S 4

+0.86
+0.62
+0.38
+0.14
18
-0 .1 0 0 .0 0 3 4 0 .0 06 8 0 .0 10 2 0 .0 13 6 0 .0 17
Tim e (s e c)
Output across the PV Module and Load
S ola r Mod ule O utp ut
C u r r e n t ( A ) V o lta g e ( V )
Vo ut
+2 7
+2 1 .6
+1 6 .2
+1 0 .8
+5 .4
+0 0 0 .0 4 0 .0 8 0 .1 2 0 .1 6 0.2

Io ut1
+6 .7
+6 .1 6
+5 .6 2
+5 .0 8
+4 .5 4
+4 0 0 .0 4 0 .0 8 0 .1 2 0 .1 6 0.2
Tim e (s e c)
C u r r e n t ( A ) V o lt a g e ( V )

O utput Vo lta ge
+1 4

+8 .4

+2 .8

-2 .8

-8 .4

-1 4 0 0 .0 4 0 .0 8 0 .1 2 0 .1 6 0 .2

Lo a d C urre nt
+1 .4

+0 .8 4

+0 .2 8

-0 .2 8

-0 .8 4

-1 .4 0 0 .0 4 0 .0 8 0 .1 2 0 .1 6
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0 .2
Tim e (s e c )
 Recent Trend of Development
• Power is generated in an economical manner.

• Cost of the power conditioning unit needs to be on lower side which

can be achieved if less number of components is used.

• Also innovative single stage topology which counts for less

components requirement can be used for power switching and energy
storing yielding lower cost and higher overall power conversion
efficiency.

• System reliability and reduced maintenance cost can be achieved by,

small transformer, less ac modules that can be used to compose a
multilevel inverter system accommodating a wide range of input
voltage variations and a large power capacity.
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Thank You

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