STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

CIE 302

Lecture 3

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 The strength of a material depends on its ability to sustain a load
without undue deformation or failure.

 This strength is inherent in the material itself and must be

determined by experiment.

 One of the most important tests to perform in this regard is the

tension or compression test.

 Once this test is performed, we can then determine the

relationship between the average normal stress and average
normal strain in many engineering materials such as metals,
ceramics, polymers, and composites.
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 As a material is deformed by an external load, the load will do
external work, which in turn will be stored in the material as internal
energy.

 This energy is related to the strains in the material, and so it is

referred to as strain energy.

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Strain energy density, and it can be expressed as:

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Finally, if the material behavior is linear elastic, then Hooke’s law
applies, s = EP, and therefore we can express the elastic strain energy
density in terms of the uniaxial stress s as

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When the stress in a material reaches the proportional limit, the strain
energy density is referred to as the modulus of resilience. It is

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When the stress in a material reaches the proportional limit, the strain
energy density is referred to as the modulus of resilience. It is

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This quantity represents the entire area under the stress–strain diagram
and therefore it indicates the maximum amount of strain energy per unit
volume the material can absorb just before it fractures.

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EXAMPLE

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EXAMPLE

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EXAMPLE

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EXAMPLE

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EXAMPLE

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ANOTHER EXAMPLE

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ANOTHER EXAMPLE

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ANOTHER EXAMPLE

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ANOTHER EXAMPLE

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This quantity represents the entire area under the stress–strain diagram
and therefore it indicates the maximum amount of strain energy per unit
volume the material can absorb just before it fractures.

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ANOTHER EXAMPLE

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ANOTHER EXAMPLE

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ANOTHER EXAMPLE

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ANOTHER EXAMPLE

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ANOTHER EXAMPLE

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ANOTHER EXAMPLE

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ANOTHER EXAMPLE

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ANOTHER EXAMPLE

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ANOTHER EXAMPLE

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ANOTHER EXAMPLE

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Creep is the time-dependent deformation of a material for which
stress and/or temperature play an important role. Members are
designed to resist the effects of creep based on their material creep
strength, which is the largest initial stress a material can withstand
during a specified time without exceeding a specified creep strain.

Fatigue occurs in metals when the stress or strain is cycled. This

phenomenon causes brittle fracture of the material. Members are
designed to resist fatigue by ensuring that the stress in the member
does not exceed its endurance or fatigue limit. This value is
determined from an S–N diagram as the maximum stress the material
can resist when subjected to a specified number of cycles of loading.
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