TOTAL RESPONSE

MECHANISM
Basic Unit: The Neuron
● Is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits
information by electrical and chemical signaling. It is the basic
conducting unit of nervous system.

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 THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
‘BRAIN’
• The central nervous system consists of
the brain and spinal cord. The brain plays
a central role in the control of most bodily
functions, including awareness,
movements, sensations, thoughts,
speech, and memory.

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Parts of brain
● Cerebrum is the uppermost part of the brain. It contains two hemispheres split by a
central fissure.
○ Frontal- controls higher critical thinking, personality development, motor activity.
○ Occipital- vision
○ Parietal- appreciation and discrimination of sensory impulses. (pain, touch,
pressure etc.)
○ Temporal- hearing, short term memory.
○ Insula- visceral function
○ Limbic system- sense of smell, sexual urge, long term memory.

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Parts of brain

● Midbrain- acts as a relay station for sight and hearing particularly helps in size and
reaction of pupils and hearing acuity.

● Diencephalon (Interbrain)
○ Thalamus- acts as a relay station for sensation.
○ Hypothalamus- controls temperature, BP, sleep and wakefulness, thirst, appetite,
fear, anxiety, excitement

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Parts of brain

● Cerebellum- smallest part; balance, equilibrium, gait and posture.

● Brainstem
○ Pons- controls rate, rhythm and depth of respiration.
○ Medulla oblongata- lowest part, most life threatening experience, swallowing,
vomiting, hiccups.

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Spinal Cord
The spinal cord is a long,
fragile tube-like structure
that begins at the end of
the brain stem and
continues down almost to
the bottom of the spine. 
PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
The peripheral nervous
system consists of the nerves that
branch out from the brain and spinal
cord. 

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 CRANIAL NERVES
● Your cranial nerves are pairs of nerves that ● Abducens-  Test lateral eye movements.  Also test
connect your brain to different parts of your one-legged balance.
head, neck, and trunk. There are 12 of them, ● Facial- Smile, frown, puff up cheeks.
each named for their function or structure.
● Vestibulocochlear- hearing, balance
12 CRANIAL NERVES
● Glossopharyngeal- tastes
● Olfactory- Smell
● Vagus- control the muscle of throat
● Optic- Vision
● Accessory- shoulder movement
● Oculomotor- Test eye movements up, down, and
● Hypoglossal- tongue movement
diagonal.

● Trochlear-  Test eye movements up, down, and

diagonal.

● Trigeminal- Clench jaw.  Test chewing and 14

sensation on face.
 SPINAL NERVES
● A spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, which
carries motor, sensory, and autonomic
signals between the spinal cord and the
body.

● 31 SPINAL NERVES
○ Cervical Nerves- 8 Pairs
○ Thoracic- 12 Pairs
○ Lumbar- 5 Pairs
○ Coccygeal- 1 Pair

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
● The endocrine system consists
of a group of glands and
organs that regulate and
control various body functions
by producing and secreting
hormones.

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PARTS OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
● Hypothalamus. This organ connects your endocrine system with your
nervous system. Its main job is to tell your pituitary gland to start or stop
making hormones.

● Pituitary gland. This is your endocrine system’s master gland. It uses

information it gets from your brain to tell other glands in your body what to
do.

● Pineal gland. It makes a chemical called melatonin that helps your body get
ready to go to sleep.

● Thyroid gland. This gland makes thyroid hormone, which controls your
metabolism

● Parathyroid. This is a set of four small glands behind your thyroid. They play
a role in bone health.
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PARTS OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
● Thymus. This gland makes white blood cells called T-lymphocytes that fight infection
and are crucial as a child's immune system develops.

● Adrenals. Best known for making the "fight or flight" hormone adrenaline They affect
your metabolism and sexual function, among other things.

● Pancreas. This organ is part of both your digestive and endocrine systems. It makes
digestive enzymes that break down food.

● Ovaries. In women, these organs make estrogen and progesterone. These hormones help
develop breasts at puberty, regulate the menstrual cycle, and support a pregnancy.

● Testes. In men, the testes make testosterone. It helps them grow facial and body hair at
puberty. It also tells the penis to grow larger and plays a role in making sperm.

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