THE NERVOUS

SYSTEM
 OBJECTIVES

◍Explain the overall role of the Nervous system

◍Describe the parts of the Nervous system and
their functions
◍Enumerate the common diseases of the Nervous
system

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LET’S HAVE SOME BRAIN
EXERCISES!!!

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 HOW GOOD IS YOUR MEMORY?

Colors, Colors!!
Here is your job: name the colors of the following
words. Do NOT read the words...rather, say the
color of the words. 
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HOW GOOD IS YOUR BODY COORDINATION?
◍ Touch your right elbow to your left knee, then your left
elbow to your right knee. Repeat 2 times.
◍ Blink your right eye as you snap the fingers on your left
hand 15 times. Repeat on the opposite side.
◍ Pair students up facing each other. Have each person tap
their left foot one time, right foot two times and left
foot three times. Repeat with increasing speed and then
take turns with only person tapping their foot at a time.
◍ Spin around five times, do four jumping jacks, walk around
the room three times, hop on one foot two times, clap your
hands once

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NERVOUS SYSTEM
The network of nerve cells and fibers
which transmits nerve impulses between
parts of the body.

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 THE NERVE AND NERVE CELL

◍ Neuron- basic cell of the nervous system

- Carries the nerve impulses from one part of
the body to another.

◌ Cell body
◌ Dendrites
◌ Axon

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CENTRAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
This system is composed of
the brain and the spinal
cord. It is where the
interneurons receive and
pass on messages. 9
 BRAIN
It is a moist and spongy organ with an average of 3 pounds in
weight.
It is consist of 10 billion neurons that control everything a
person does such as thoughts, movements, memory and sense.
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 THE BRAIN
◍ The skull protects the brain.
◍ Beneath the skull are three
distinct layers of membrane that
cover the entire brain– MENINGES
◍ Cerebrospinal fluid- located in
between middle and inner meninges
and in some spaces within the
brain
- Helps cushion and
protect the brain and the spinal
cord 11
 THE BRAIN

The brain is
subdivided into
three major parts:
◌ Cerebrum
◌ Cerebellum
◌ Brain stem

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 CEREBRUM

The large upper region of the brain. It consists of

deep folds, which are divided into many ridges and
depressions just like the surface of a walnut.
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 CEREBRUM

◍ It has two sides:

◌ Left hemisphere-
controls muscles
on the right side
of the body

◌ Right hemisphere-
controls muscles
on the left side
of the body
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 CEREBRUM

◍ The outer part of the

hemisphere is covered
with a thin tissue
called GRAY MATTER
◍ The rest of the
cerebrum is made of
WHITE MATTER

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 CEREBRUM
◍ It has 4 lobes:
◌ Frontal lobe- allows you to solve a
complex task, undergo voluntary movement
of your body parts, form complete
sentences, and is responsible for your
personality traits. 
◌ Parietal lobe- functions in general
sensation and feeling.
◌ Occipital lobe- plays a role in processing
visual information.
◌ Temporal lobe-  functions in auditory
processing. Also involved in emotion,
learning, and pronunciation/learning a new
language.

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 CEREBELLUM

Located beneath the back part of the cerebrum.

It coordinates muscle movements
It produces signals that stimulate reactions in other
parts of the 17
nervous system
 BRAIN STEM

Located below the cerebellum at the base of the skull,

which serves as the body’s life support system.
Controls heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure
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 BRAINSTEM
The brainstem is divided into three
sections:
◍ Midbrain- linked to vision and
controls the movement of the eye
and constriction and dilation of
the pupil
◍ Pons- regulates breathing and helps
control eye movement
◍ Medulla Oblongata- controls
breathing, heart rate and
swallowing

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 DEEP PARTS OF THE BRAIN

◍ Corpus callosum-
a broad band of
nerve fibers
joining the two
hemispheres of
the brain.

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 DEEP PARTS OF THE BRAIN

◍ Hippocampus- a
small organ located
within the brain’s
medial temporal
lobe. Associated
with memory, long
term memory.
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 DEEP PARTS OF THE BRAIN

◍ Hypothalamus-
regulates the
body’s temperature,
use of water, blood
pressure, and
release of
regulatory HYPOTHALAMUS
chemicals.
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 DEEP PARTS OF THE BRAIN
◍ Pituitary gland- a
pea-sized structure
located at the base
of the brain. Part
of endocrine system
that produces
critical hormones
that control various
body functions.
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 DEEP PARTS OF THE BRAIN
◍ Thalamus- one of
the smaller parts
of the brain
which serves a
relay station for
senses.
Responsible in
processing
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 SPINAL CORD
A rod of brain tissue that extends about two-thirds of the way down
the back, just below the ribs.
Covered with three meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
Protected by a spinal column which allows the trunk to bend
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 SPINAL CORD
The spinal cord is divided
into 4 parts:
◍ Cranial- C1-C8
◍ Thoracic- T1-T12
◍ Lumbar- L1-L5
◍ Sacral- S1-S5
◍ Coccyx

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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
It is made up of cranial and spinal nerves.
There are 12 cranial nerves in the body that emerge
from the brain that connect with the eyes, ears, and
nose.
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 THE 12 CRANIAL NERVES
Oh, Oh, Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet. Ahh
Heaven!
SE, SE, MO, MO, MI, MO, MI, SE, MI, MI, MO, MO

I. Olfactory- smell
II. Optic- vision I. Facial- facial expressions
III. Oculomotor- muscle function, pupil II. Vestibulocochlear- hearing and balance
response III. Glossopharyngeal- sense of taste,
IV. Trochlear- downward, upward eye swallowing
movements IV. Vagus- receives information from the neck,
V. Trigeminal- ophthalmic, maxillary, chest and abdomen
mandibular V. Accessory- controls muscles in the neck
VI. Abducens- sideward eye movement VI. Hypoglossal- movement of most muscles in
your tongue

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 2 DIVISIONS OF PNS:
Somatic Nervous System (SNS) Autonomic Nervous System (SNS)

• Responsible for actions that a • Controls autonomic functions that do

person can control such as skeletal not require a person to think
muscles and sensory neurons of
the skin • Involuntary control

• Voluntary control
Sympathetic Nervous Parasympathetic Nervous
System System

“Fight or Flight” “Rest or digest”

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 CHECK YOURSELF OUT!
1. What are the two divisions of the Nervous system?
2. The Central Nervous system is composed of what organs?
3. What are the three major parts of the brain?
4. 4 lobes of Cerebrum
5. Three sections of brainstem
6. The spinal cord is composed of 4 divisions. What are these?
7. What are the 12 Cranial nerves?
8. The 2 Divisions of PNS
COMMON DISEASES OF
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

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Symptoms: MENINGITIS
◍ Stiff and painful neck An inflammation of
◍ Fever the meninges of the
◍ Headache brain or spinal cord
caused by bacterial
◍ Vomiting
infection
◍ Seizures (Streptococcus
◍ Trouble breathing pneumoniae) or a
virus (poliovirus).

Treatment:
◍ Antibiotics

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 CEREBRAL PALSY
Symptoms:
A disorder resulting
◍ Seizure
in lack of full control
◍ Intellectual disability of physical
◍ Slight limp movement and
◍ Difficulty in walking muscle tightness that
affect almost all
parts of the body.

Treatment:
◍ Therapy
◍ Surgery

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Symptoms:
◍ Tremors
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
◍ Slow movement
◍ Impaired posture and balance
A disorder of the
◍ Penmanship changes nervous system that
◍ Speech changes affects the movement
◍ Emotional changes and depression of a person. Tremors
◍ Difficulty swallowing start in the hands. In
◍ Sleep disorder the early stages, the
◍ Blood pressure changes face shows little or
◍ Inability to smell no expression. The
◍ Constipation arms do not swing
when one walks.
Treatment:
◍ Cannot be cured
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Metastasis- the process
where the cancer cells
BRAIN TUMOR
rapidly spread to the
brain from another tumor It is called meningeal
Malignant tumor- tumor. It is formed in
cancerous the meninges that cover
the brain and the spinal
Benign tumor-
cord.
noncancerous
Symptoms: Metastatic brain tumor
◍ Trouble walking develops cancerous cells
◍ Change of mental status from a tumor elsewhere
in the body.
Treatment:
◍ Surgery
◍ Radiation therapy
◍ Chemotheapy
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Symptoms:
EPILEPSY
◍ Loss of muscle tone A brain disorder in
which clusters of
◍ Jerking movements
nerve cells or
◍ Brief loss of consciousness neurons act
◍ Muscle stiffness abnormally.
Causes strange
sensations and
Treatment: emotions,
◍ Epileptic seizure are convulsions, and
controlled through drug muscle spasms.
therapy and
anticonvulsant drugs

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 HOW TO KEEP YOUR NERVOUS
SYSTEM HEALTHY?
• Ensure adequate intake of healthy fats such as fish oil and vegetable oil. Adequate vitamin D
and vitamin B-12 is essential to maintain optimal myelin in the neurons.

• Exercise the nervous system on a daily basis by stretching the arms and reading in order for
the motor and sensory pathways to be used. It regulates blood circulation through your brain
and reduces the risk of many diseases.

• Spend a minimum of 15 minutes per day writing on paper as legibly as you can.

• Engage yourself in social activities to keep your brain active. Socialization helps to reduce
stress and promote emotional health.