TOTAL RESPONSE

MECHANISM
Basic Unit: The Neuron
● Is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits
information by electrical and chemical signaling. It is the basic
conducting unit of nervous system.

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 THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
‘BRAIN’
• The central nervous system consists of
the brain and spinal cord. The brain plays
a central role in the control of most bodily
functions, including awareness,
movements, sensations, thoughts,
speech, and memory.

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Parts of brain
● Cerebrum is the uppermost part of the brain. It contains two hemispheres split by a
central fissure.
○ Frontal- controls higher critical thinking, personality development, motor activity.
○ Occipital- vision
○ Parietal- appreciation and discrimination of sensory impulses. (pain, touch,
pressure etc.)
○ Temporal- hearing, short term memory.
○ Insula- visceral function
○ Limbic system- sense of smell, sexual urge, long term memory.

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Parts of brain

● Midbrain- acts as a relay station for sight and hearing particularly helps in size and
reaction of pupils and hearing acuity.

● Diencephalon (Interbrain)
○ Thalamus- acts as a relay station for sensation.
○ Hypothalamus- controls temperature, BP, sleep and wakefulness, thirst, appetite,
fear, anxiety, excitement

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Parts of brain

● Cerebellum- smallest part; balance, equilibrium, gait and posture.

● Brainstem
○ Pons- controls rate, rhythm and depth of respiration.
○ Medulla oblongata- lowest part, most life threatening experience, swallowing,
vomiting, hiccups.

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PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
The peripheral nervous
system consists of the nerves that
branch out from the brain and spinal
cord. 

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 CRANIAL NERVES
● Your cranial nerves are pairs of nerves that ● Abducens-  Test lateral eye movements.  Also test
connect your brain to different parts of your one-legged balance.
head, neck, and trunk. There are 12 of them, ● Facial- Smile, frown, puff up cheeks.
each named for their function or structure.
● Vestibulocochlear- hearing, balance
12 CRANIAL NERVES
● Glossopharyngeal- tastes
● Olfactory- Smell
● Vagus- control the muscle of throat
● Optic- Vision
● Accessory- shoulder movement
● Oculomotor- Test eye movements up, down, and
● Hypoglossal- tongue movement
diagonal.

● Trochlear-  Test eye movements up, down, and

diagonal.

● Trigeminal- Clench jaw.  Test chewing and 10

sensation on face.
 SPINAL NERVES
● A spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, which
carries motor, sensory, and autonomic
signals between the spinal cord and the
body.

● 31 SPINAL NERVES
○ Cervical Nerves- 8 Pairs
○ Thoracic- 12 Pairs
○ Lumbar- 5 Pairs
○ Coccygeal- 1 Pair

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
● The endocrine system consists
of a group of glands and
organs that regulate and
control various body functions
by producing and secreting
hormones.

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PARTS OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
● Hypothalamus. This organ connects your endocrine system with your
nervous system. Its main job is to tell your pituitary gland to start or stop
making hormones.

● Pituitary gland. This is your endocrine system’s master gland. It uses

information it gets from your brain to tell other glands in your body what to
do.

● Pineal gland. It makes a chemical called melatonin that helps your body get
ready to go to sleep.

● Thyroid gland. This gland makes thyroid hormone, which controls your
metabolism

● Parathyroid. This is a set of four small glands behind your thyroid. They play
a role in bone health.
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PARTS OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
● Thymus. This gland makes white blood cells called T-lymphocytes that fight infection
and are crucial as a child's immune system develops.

● Adrenals. Best known for making the "fight or flight" hormone adrenaline They affect
your metabolism and sexual function, among other things.

● Pancreas. This organ is part of both your digestive and endocrine systems. It makes
digestive enzymes that break down food.

● Ovaries. In women, these organs make estrogen and progesterone. These hormones help
develop breasts at puberty, regulate the menstrual cycle, and support a pregnancy.

● Testes. In men, the testes make testosterone. It helps them grow facial and body hair at
puberty. It also tells the penis to grow larger and plays a role in making sperm.

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