LESSON 3

CHARACTERISTICS,
PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF
RESEARCH

PREPARED BY
MRS. JULIE ANNE PORTAL - ODASCO
OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the characteristics of research
2. Describes the research process
3. Explains the ethical principles in research
LET THERE BE ORDER!
Instruction:
Arrange the following steps taken in a research
process from the very first up to the last step.
A. Analyze data
B. Review the Literature
C. Define Research ANSWER:
Problem
C–B–F–E–G–A-D
D. Interpret and Report
E. Design Research
F. Formulate
Hypotheses
G. Collect Data
QUESTIONS FOR ANALYSIS:

1. What are the activities undertaken to carry out the

research?
2. Why did you arrange them in that way?
3. Based on the activities done in research, what do
you think are its characteristics?
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

1. Empirical
- Research is based on observations and experimentation
of theories.
2. Systematic
- Research follows orderly and sequential procedures,
based on valid procedures and principles.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

3. Controlled
- In research, all variables, except those that are
tested/experimented on, are kept constant.
4. Employs Hypothesis
- The hypothesis guides the investigation process.
HYPOTHESIS: IF WE INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF
LIGHT DURING STUDYING, THE PARTICIPANT’S
PERFORMANCE ON TEST SCORES WILL DECREASE.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

5. Analytical
- There is a critical analysis of all data used so that there
is no error in the researcher’s interpretation.
6. Objective
- Refers also to the research as unbiased and logical.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

7. Original Work
- Requires effort to get at the researcher’s own
investigation and produce the data needed to complete
the study. (Checking on the originality of work)
OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Concern for Context and Meaning
- It is bounded by a particular context which the research
aims to study.
2. Naturally Occurring Settings
- It studies behavior as it happens naturally in a school,
classroom, community or an organization.
OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
3. Humans as Instrument
- The researcher is the primary instrument for gathering
and for analyzing data.
4. Descriptive Data
- Data used are in the form of words or pictures or other
visuals rather than numbers and statistics
OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
5. Emergent Design
- The design cannot be finalized at the beginning
because the researcher continues to adjust his/her
methods and ways of proceeding as the study progresses.
ETHICS
• Refers to it as norms for conduct that distinguish
between acceptable and unacceptable behavior
(Resmik, 2015)
• HONESTY - Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data.
• OBJECTIVITY - Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception.
• INTEGRITY - Keep your promises and agreements; Act with
sincerity
• CAREFULNESS - Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully
and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers.
• OPENNESS - Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open
to criticism and new ideas.
• Respect for INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY - Give proper
acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. Never
• CONFIDENTIALITY - Protect confidential communications, such
as: papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records,
trade or military secrets, and patient records.
• RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION - Publish in order to advance
research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid
wasteful and duplicative publication.
• REPONSIBLE MENTORING - Help to educate, mentor, and
advise students.
• RESPECT FOR COLLEAGUES - Respect your colleagues and
treat them fairly.
• SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY - Strive to promote social good and
prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and
advocacy.
• NON-DISCRIMINATION - Avoid discrimination against colleagues or
students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not
related to their scientific competence and integrity.
• COMPETENCE - Maintain and improve your own professional
competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take
steps to promote competence in science as a whole.
• LEGALITY - Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and
governmental policies.
• ANIMAL CARE - Show proper respect and care for animals
when using them in research.
• HUMAN SUBJECTS PROTECTION - When conducting
research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and
maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and
autonomy; take special precautions with vulnerable populations;
and strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly.
A.Objective
B.Systematic
C.Non-discrimination
D.Openness
E.Legality
F.Confidentiality
What is the research process?
• It is the systematic manner in which a researcher
approaches their area of study to produce knowledge which
the community will consider to be worthwhile within the
field.
• Research process consist of a number of closely related
activities.
ESSAY
Answer on a ½ crosswise.
Question:
Is the observance of ethics important in research?
Why?