Pelvic viscera

Pelvic viscera
Include:-
Parts of GIT
Urinary system
Reproduction system
Rectum
• Is continuous above with the sigmoid
colon and below with the anal canal.
• It is the most posterior viscera of the
pelvis.
• Anorectal junction is pulled anteriorly
by puborectalis muscles so that the
anal canal is in posterior direction.
• The lower part of the rectum is
expanded to form the rectal ampulla.
• Unlike the colon, the rectum does not
have taenia coli
Anal canal
• Begins at the terminal end of the rectal
ampulla and terminates as anus
• As it passes through the pelvic floor, it is
surrounded by internal and external anal
sphincter.
It has the following features:-
Anal columns
Anal valves
Anal sinus
Pectinate line
• Inferior to the pectinate line, the epithelia
is stratified nonkeratinised.
Ureters
• They enter the pelvic cavity by
passing through the pelvic inlet.
• They cross the bifurcation of the
common iliac artery anteriorly.
• It joins the base of the urinary
bladder in the pelvis
• It is crossed by the ductus
deferens in men and uterine
artery in women
Bladder
• Is the most anterior viscera of the
pelvis.
• It is a pelvic organ if empty but it
expands superiorly into the abdomen
when full.
• It is shaped like a pyramid with base,
superior surface and two inferolateral
surfaces.
• Its apex is directed towards the pubic
symphysis.
• It is an abdominal organ in babies and
pelvic inadults.
Urinary bladder
• Median umbilical ligament is a remnant
of the umbilical cord
• Its base faces postero-inferiorly and the
two ureters enter the bladder at each
upper corner.
• The smooth triangular area in the
bladder is called the trigone
• The neck of the bladder surround the
origin of the urethra.
• Pubovesical ligaments in women and
puboprostatic ligament in men connect
the bladder to the pubic bone.
Urethra
• It begins at the base of the
bladder and ends with an
external opening in the
perineum.
• The path taken by the urethra
differ greatly in different sexes.
Female urethra
• Is short approx 4 cm.
• It passes through the pelvic floor
into the perineum.
• It opens into the vestibule that lies
between the labia minora
• The urethral opening is anterior to
the vaginal opening in the vestibule.
• Two paraurethral glands (skenes
glands) opens lateral to the urethral
opening.
Male urethra
• Is approx. 20 cm long and bends
twice along its course when
flaccid.
It is divided into the following
parts:-
Preprostatic urethra
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy urethra
Preprostatic urethra
• Is about 1 cm long
• It extends from the base of the
bladder to the prostate.
• It is associated with smooth
muscle fibres that form the
internal urethral sphincter.
• Contraction of this sphincter
prevents retrograde movement
of semen
Prostatic urethra
• Is about 3-4 cm long and
surrounded by the prostate gland.
• It has the urethral crest and
prostatic sinus into which prostate
ducts opens.
• Seminal colliculus is a dilated part
of the urethral crest.
• Prostatic utricle is a small blind
ended pouch and it is considered to
be homologous to the uterus in
women.
Membranous urethra
• Is narrow and passes through
the deep perineal pouch.
• In both men and women, it is
surrounded by the skeletal
muscles that form the external
urethral sphincter.
Spongy urethra
• Is surrounded by the erectile
tissue called corpus spongiosum
of the penis.
• It forms an enlarged bulb at the
base of the penis and navicular
fossa at the end.
• Two bulbourethral glands open
into the bulb of spongy urethra.
• The external urethral orifice is the
sagittal slit at he end of the penis
Reproductive system
(Male)
Male reproductive organs
• Include organs in the abdomen, pelvis
and perineum.
The major components are:-
The testis
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory ducts
Urethra
Penis
Accessory glands
Testes
• is ellipsoid-shaped organ enclosed
in the musculofascial pouch that
projects into the scrotum.
• It originally develops in the
abdomen and descends into the
scrotum before birth.
• It carries with it blood vessels and
the ductus deferens
• Tunica vaginalis covers the sides
and the anterior part of the testis.
Testes
• Tunica albugenea surround the
seminiferous tubules and
interstitial tissue.
• Seminiferous tubules join to
form the rete testis in the
mediastinum testis
• From the mediastinum testis are
the efferent ductules that
connects to the epididymis
Epididymis
• Is a single, long coiled tubule
that course along the
posterolateral side of the testis.
It is divide into :-
The head
Body and
Tail
• It stores spermatozoa until
ejaculation
Ductus deferens
• Is a muscular duct that transports
spermatozoa from the epididymis
to the ejaculatory duct.
• It is a component of the
spermatic cord and passes
through the inguinal canal.
• It crosses ureter posterior to the
bladder and it is joined by the
duct of the seminal vesicle to
form ejaculatory duct.
Seminal vesicles
• It is an accessory gland of the
reproductive system.
• Its duct follow the course of the
ductus deferens
• The duct of the seminal vesicle
joins the ductus deferens to
form the ejaculatory duct.
• Secretion from the seminal
vesicle contributes to the
volume of the ejaculates
Prostate gland
• Is unpaired accessory organ of male
reproduction system that surround
the urethra in the pelvic cavity.
• It lies just inferior to the bladder
and its inferolateral surface is in
contact with the levator ani
muscles.
• It develops as 30-40 individual
glands and fuse to form the
prostate gland around the urethra.
Prostate gland
• These individual glands retain
their ducts and open into the
prostatic sinuses independently.
• Secretions from the prostate and
from the seminal vesicles form
the semen during ejaculation.
Bulbourethral glands
• Are paired glands situated within
he deep pouch lateral to the
membranous urethra.
• The duct from the bulbourethral
gland opens into the bulb of the
membranous urethra.
• Secretion from the bulbourethral
glands contributes to the
lubrication of the urethra and the
pre-ejaculatory emission from the
penis.
Reproductive system
(Female)
Female reproductive system
• The reproductive tract is contained
in the pelvic cavity and perineum
though it occupies the abdominal
cavity during pregnancy.
Components of the system include:-
Ovaries
Uterus
Vagina
And clitoris
Ovaries
• Develops on the posterior
abdominal wall and the descends
into the pelvis bringing with it
blood vessels and lymphatics.
• Unlike testes, ovaries do not pass
through the inguinal canal.
• They are suspended by the a
mesentery called mesovarium
which is an extension of the
broad ligament.
Uterus
• Is a muscular organ in the midline
between the bladder and rectum.
• It consist of the body and a cervix
and joins the vagina inferiorly.
• Uterine tubes projects laterally
from the uterus and open into
the peritoneal cavity.
• It has the fundus superiorly and
inferior it is continuous with the
cervix.
Uterine tubes
• Extends from each side of the superior
end of the body of the uterus.
• They terminates laterally to the ovaries.
• They are enclosed within the upper part
of the mesosalpinx portion of the broad
ligaments.
Each uterine tubes is subdivided into:-
Infundibulum
Fimbriae
Ampulla
isthmus
Cervix
• Forms the inferior part of the uterus
and is shaped like a short broad
cylinder with narrow central channel.
• The body of the uterus normally
arches forward-anteflexed.
• The cervix is angled forward on the
vagina- anteverted.
• The tubular central canal opens
below as external os into the vagina
and above as internal os into the
uterus
Vagina
• Is a distensible fibromuscular
copulatory organ in females
• Its anterior wall is related to the
bladder and the urethra
• Posteriorly it is related to the
rectum and inferiorly it opens
into the vestibule.
• Vaginal fornix is a recess formed
by between the margin of the
cervix and vaginal walls.
Vagina
• The vaginal canal is normally
collapsed such that the anterior
wall is in contact with the
anterior.
• Semen is deposited in the
vaginal vault during intercourse.
• Spermatozoa make their way
into external os.