Structural Department

Structure System
• Beam Slab System
• Flat Slab System
• Ribbed Slab System
• Composite Slab System
 Beam Slab System
Advantages:
• Traditional effective solution
• Long spans

Disadvantages:
• Penetrations through beams for large ducts difficult to handle
• Depth of floor
• Greater floor-to-floor height

Cost: Low
 Flat Slab System
Advantages:
• Simple formwork
• No beams – simplifying under-floor services outside the drops
• Minimum structural depth
• Usually does not require shear reinforcement at the columns

Disadvantage:
• Medium spans
• Generally not suitable for supporting brittle (masonry) partitions
• Drop panels may interfere with larger mechanical ducting
• Vertical penetrations need to avoid area around columns
• For reinforced flat slabs, deflection at the middle strip may be critical.

Cost: Medium
 Ribbed Slab System
Advantages:
• Savings on weight and materials
• Long spans
• Attractive soffit appearance if exposed
• Economical when reusable formwork pans used
• Vertical penetrations between ribs are easy

Disadvantages:
• Depth of slab between the ribs may control the fire rating
• Requires special or proprietary formwork
• Greater floor-to-floor height
• Large vertical penetration are more difficult to handle

Cost: High
 Composite Slab System
Advantages:
• Minimum structural depth and reduced floor-to-floor height
• Greater stiffness and overload strength
• Better fire resistance
• Faster Construction

Disadvantage:
• Thin slab results in an increased number of through slab cracks
• Uneconomical in terms of cover width

• Cost: High
 Buildings
• ACC
• Parking
• M&E
ACC
Column
 Column
• N = 5899.79 kN
• The estimation of column are is based on
BS8110:Part 1 1997, clause 3.8.4.3
• N  0.4 f cu Ac  0.8 Asc f y
• Fix Asc = 3% of Ac for economical design
• 5899.79E+3 = (0.4)(30)Ac + (0.8)(0.03)(460)Ac
• Ac = 256067mm2
• h=b= 256067= 506 mm
• Take 600 x 600 mm
 Beam
• L/d = 15 for continuous beam (initial sizing)
• Longest span = 7200 mm
• d = 7200/15 = 480 mm. Take as 600 mm.
• Max. Shear Force = 210 kN
• Take b = 230 mm
• Shear stress = 210000/(230 x 600) = 1.52 7N/mm2
• Shear stress < 0.8 f cu = 4.38 N/mm2
• Thus:
– Primary Beam: 600 x 230 mm
– Secondary Beam: 550 x 175 mm
 Slab
• L/d = 30 for 1-way continuous slab (initial sizing)
• Span = 3500 mm
• d = 3500/30 = 117 mm.
• Take as 150 mm.
 Roof
• Roof truss:
– Double Howe
– Cold formed C channel steel
– AxBxC = 100X50X20 mm
– Thickness = 2.3 mm

• Roof finishing:
– Concrete tiles
 Loading
• Dead Load:
– Self Weight = 24 kN/m3
– Concrete Tile = 0.6 kN/m2
– Brick wall with plaster both sides (thickness of 115mm) = 3 kN/m2
– Finishes, partitions and 30mm of screed approximately = 2 kN/m2

• Live Load
– Water tank =10 kN/m3
– Hospital wards , toilet, utility room and dining rooms = 2 kN/m2
– Auditorium, stages, lobby = 5 kN/m2
– Reading rooms, library = 4 kN/m2
– Staircase, landing and corridor= 4 kN/m2
 Material
• Concrete Grade = C30
• Type of reinforcement:
– Hot rolled mild steel = 250N/mm2
– High yield steel = 460 N/mm2
Parking
Column
 Column
• N = 2921.88 kN
• The estimation of column are is based on BS8110:Part 1 1997,
clause 3.8.4.3
• N  0.4 f cu Ac  0.8 Asc f y
• Fix Asc = 3% of Ac for economical design
• 2921.88E+3 = (0.4)(30)Ac + (0.8)(0.03)(460)Ac
• Ac = 126817mm2
• h=b= 126817= 356 mm
• Take 400 x 400 mm
 Beam
• L/d = 15 for continuous beam (initial sizing)
• Longest span = 8000 mm
• d = 8000/15 = 533 mm. Take as 600 mm.
• Max. Shear Force = 262 kN
• Take b = 230 mm
• Shear stress = 262000/(230 x 600) = 1.9 N/mm2
• Shear stress < 0.8 f cu = 4.38 N/mm2
• Thus:
– Primary Beam: 350 x 230 mm
– Secondary Beam: 300 x 175 mm
 Slab
• L/d = 36 for 2-way continuous slab (initial sizing)
• Span = 4000 mm
• d = 4000/36 = 111.11 mm.
• Take as 150 mm.
 Roof
• Roof truss:
– Double Howe
– Cold formed C channel steel
– AxBxC = 100X50X20 mm
– Thickness = 2.3 mm

• Roof finishing:
– Concrete tiles
 Loading
• Dead Load:
– Self Weight = 24 kN/m3
– Concrete Tile = 0.6 kN/m2
– Railing at 900mm approximately= 3 kN/m

• Live Load
– Staircase = 4 kN/m2
– Parking = 2.5 kN/m2
 Material
• Concrete Grade = C30
• Type of reinforcement:
– Hot rolled mild steel = 250N/mm2
– High yield steel = 460 N/mm2
M&E
Column
 Column
• N = 1398.98 kN
• The estimation of column are is based on
BS8110:Part 1 1997, clause 3.8.4.3
N  0.4 f cu Ac  0.8 Asc f y
•
• Fix Asc = 3% of Ac for economical design
• 1398.98 E+3 = (0.4)(30)Ac + (0.8)(0.03)(460)Ac
• Ac = 60719mm2
60719
• h=b= = 246 mm
• Take 300 x 300 mm
 Beam
• L/d = 15 for continuous beam (initial sizing)
• Longest span = 6000 mm
• d = 6000/15 = 400 mm. Take as 450 mm.
• Max. Shear Force = 207 kN
• Take b = 230 mm
• Shear stress = 207000/(230 x 450) = 2 N/mm2
• Shear stress < 0.8 f cu = 4.38 N/mm2
• Thus:
– Primary Beam: 450 x 230 mm
– Secondary Beam: 400 x 175 mm
 Slab
• L/d = 30 for 1-way continuous slab (initial sizing)
• Span = 3000 mm
• d = 3000/30 = 100 mm.
• Take as 150 mm.
 Roof
• No roof for M&E building.
• Parapet wall surrounding roof level.
 Loading
• Dead Load:
– Self Weight = 24 kN/m3

• Live Load
– Plant rooms and boiler rooms (M&E) = 7.5 kN/m2
 Material
• Concrete Grade = C30
• Type of reinforcement:
– Hot rolled mild steel = 250N/mm2
– High yield steel = 460 N/mm2