Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)

FUNDAMENTALS
 Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)

• Ideal Op Amp
• Non-inverting Amplifier
• Unity-Gain Buffer
• Inverting Amplifier
• Differential Amplifier
• Current-to-Voltage Converter
• Non-ideal Op Amp
 Ideal Op Amp
VDD
i v VSS  v0  VDD
+
- vo
i v
VSS

1) v0  Av  v  v 
The open-loop gain, Av, is very large, approaching infinity.

2) i  i  0
The current into the inputs are zero.
Ideal Op Amp with Negative Feedback
v +
vo
v -

Network

Golden Rules of Op Amps:

1. The output attempts to do whatever is necessary to

make the voltage difference between the inputs zero.

2. The inputs draw no current.

Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
• Ideal Op Amp
• Non-inverting Amplifier
• Unity-Gain Buffer
• Inverting Amplifier
• Differential Amplifier
• Current-to-Voltage Converter
• Non-ideal Op Amp
 Non-inverting Amplifier
vi v Closed-loop voltage gain
+ vo
v vo
- AF 
vi
R2
R1 R1
vi  v  v  vo
R1  R2

vo R2
AF   1 
vi R1
Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
• Ideal Op Amp
• Non-inverting Amplifier
• Unity-Gain Buffer
• Inverting Amplifier
• Differential Amplifier
• Current-to-Voltage Converter
• Non-ideal Op Amp
 Unity-Gain Buffer
vi v Closed-loop voltage gain
+
v vo AF 
vo
- vi

vi  v  v  vo

vo
AF  1
vi

Used as a "line driver" that transforms a high input impedance

(resistance) to a low output impedance. Can provide substantial
current gain.
Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
• Ideal Op Amp
• Non-inverting Amplifier
• Unity-Gain Buffer
• Inverting Amplifier
• Differential Amplifier
• Current-to-Voltage Converter
• Non-ideal Op Amp
 Inverting Amplifier
R2
Current into op amp is zero
ii
v  v  0 ii v
vi - vo
R1 v
+
v  0 vi
ii  i 
R1 R1

0  v0 v0
ii   vi v0
R2 R2 
R1 R2

vo R
AF   2
vi R1
Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
• Ideal Op Amp
• Non-inverting Amplifier
• Unity-Gain Buffer
• Inverting Amplifier
• Differential Amplifier
• Current-to-Voltage Converter
• Non-ideal Op Amp
 Differential Amplifier
R2 i1
Current into op amp is zero
i1 R1 v
v1 -
v  v v vo
v2 +
R1
v1  v R2
i1 
R1
v  v0
i1 
R2 v1  v v  v0

R2 R1 R2
v  v2
R1  R2 R2 R2
v1  v2 v2  v0
R1  R2 R1  R2

R1 R2
 Differential Amplifier
R2 i1
R2 R2
v1  v2 v2  v0
R1  R2 R  R2 i1 R1
 1 v1 v
R1 R2 v
- vo
v2 +
2
R1
R2 R2 R R2
v0   v1  v2  2
v2
R1 R1  R2 R1  R1  R2 

R2 R2  R2 
v0   v1  1   v2
R1 R1  R2  R1 
R2
v0   v2  v1 
R1
Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
• Ideal Op Amp
• Non-inverting Amplifier
• Unity-Gain Buffer
• Inverting Amplifier
• Differential Amplifier
• Current-to-Voltage Converter
• Non-ideal Op Amp
Current-to-Voltage Converter
v
+
v vo
- ii  i f
ii
v  v  0
RF if
0  v0  i f RF
v0  ii RF

Transresistance  v0 ii   RF

 Photodiode Circuit
ii  25 A per milliwatt of incident radiation
v
+
v vo
-
ii At 50 mW
h

if ii  50  25 106  1.25mA
RF
Assume RF  3.2k

v0  ii RF  1.25  103  3.2  103  4V

Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
• Ideal Op Amp
• Non-inverting Amplifier
• Unity-Gain Buffer
• Inverting Amplifier
• Differential Amplifier
• Current-to-Voltage Converter
• Non-ideal Op Amp
 Non-ideal Op Amp
• Output voltage is limited by supply voltage(s)
• Finite gain (~105)
• Limited frequency response
• Finite input resistance (not infinite)
• Finite output resistance (not zero)
• Finite slew rate slew rate  dv0 (t ) dtMAX
• Input bias currents
• Input bias current offset
• Input offset voltage
• Finite common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)