Weighted summer

with both positive and negative coefficients

 Ra   Rc   Ra   Rc   Rc   Rc 
vO  v1      v2      v3    v4  
 R1   Rb   R2   Rb   R3   R4 
 Instrumentation amplifier (1)
R4  R2  R  R 
vO   1    vI 2  vI 1   4 1  2  vId
R3  R1  R3  R1 
vO R4  R2 
 Ad   1  
vId R3  R1 
 Acm  0

Rin  Rid  

Disadvantages:
• Requiring perfect matching of the amps at the top and bottom
• Simultaneous variation of the two resistors labeled R1 is required to alter Ad
Analysis of an instrumentation amplifier

Acm  0

 2R  R R  2R 
vO 2  vO1  1  2  vId  vO  4  vO 2  vO1   4 1  2  vId
 2 R1  R3 R3  2 R1 
vO R4  2 R2 
 Ad   1  
vId R3  2 R1 
R4  R2  R2' 
 Ad  1  '
 , when one of the two R2's is R2
R3  2 R1 