* Kinetic of particle:

Impulse &
Momentum

Mr Abdul Azim Abdullah

KNS1633 Engineering Mechanics
Civil Engineering, UNIMAS
 *Lecture Outline
1.Principle of Linear Impulse and
Momentum
2.Principle of Linear Impulse and
Momentum for a System of Particles
3.Conservation of Linear Impulse for a
System of Particles
 *Principle of Linear Impulse
and Momentum
The equation of motion for a particle of mass m can be
written as

∑F = ma = m dv/dt

where a and v are both measured from an inertial frame

of reference.
Rearranging the terms and integrating between the limits
v = v1 at t = t1 and v = v2 at t = t2

t2 v2 t2
 t1 F dt  mv1 dv or  t1 F dt  mv 2  mv1
 *Principle of Linear Impulse
and Momentum
 The equation from previous slide referred to as the
principle of linear impulse and momentum.
 It provides a direct means of obtaining the particle’s
final velocity after a specified time period when the
initial velocity is known and the forces acting on the
particle are either constant or can be expressed as a
function of time.
 *Principle of Linear Impulse
and Momentum
Linear Momentum
 Each of the two vectors of the form L = mv is
referred to as the particle’s linear momentum.
 The linear-momentum vector has the same
direction as v, and its magnitude mv has unit of
mass-velocity, kg.m/s
 *Principle of Linear Impulse
and Momentum
 Linear Impulse

 The integral I  is F dt
referred to as the linear impulse,
which is a vector quantity and measure the effect of a
force during the time the force acts.
 The impulse acts in the same direction as the force, and
its magnitude has unit of force-time, N.s
 If force is expressed as a func of time, impulse is
determined by direct evaluation of the integral.
 The magnitude of impulse can be represented by the
shaded area under the curve of force versus time (Fig
15-1)
 *Principle of Linear Impulse
and Momentum
*If  the force is constant in both magnitude and
direction, the resulting impulse becomes , which can
be represented by a rectangular graph (Fig. 15-2)
*Principle of Linear Impulse
and Momentum
Principle of Linear Impulse and Momentum
The equation is rewritten in the form
t2
mv1    F dt  mv 2
t1

which state that the initial momentum of the

particle at t1 plus the sum of all the impulses
applied to the particle from t1 to t2 is
equivalent to the final momentum of the
particle at t2
 *Principle of Linear Impulse
and Momentum
If the magnitude or direction of a force varies with time,
the impulse is

t2
t1 F dt
If the force is constant, the impulse applied to the particle
is Fc(t1 – t2), and it acts in the same direction as Fc
 *Principle of Linear Impulse
and Momentum
Scalar Equations
Resolving each of the vectors in the equation of principle
of linear impulse and momentum into its x, y, z
components,
t2
m(vx )1    Fx dt  m(vx ) 2
t1
t2
m(v y )1    Fy dt  m(v y ) 2
t1
t2
m(vz )1    Fz dt  m(vz )2
t1
 *Procedure for Analysis
Free-Body Diagram
 Establish the x, y, z inertial frame of reference and
draw the particle’s free-body diagram in order to
account for all the forces that produce impulses on the
particle.
 The direction and sense of the particle’s initial and final
velocities should be established.
 If a vector is unknown, assume that the sense of its
components is in the direction of the positive inertial
coordinate(s).
 As an alternative procedure, draw the impulse and
momentum diagrams for the particle.
 *Procedure for Analysis
Principle of Impulse and Momentum
 In accordance with the established coordinate system
apply the principle of linear impulse and momentum,

t2
mv1    F dt  mv2
t1
 If the motion occurs in the x-y plane, the two scalar
components equations can be formulated by either
resolving the vector components of F from the free-
body diagram, or by using the data on the impulse and
momentum diagrams.
 Realize that every force acting on the particle’s FBD will
create an impulse, even though some of these forces
will do no work.
 *Procedure for Analysis
 Forces that are functions of time must be integrated to
obtain the impulse. The impulse is equal to the area
under the force-time curve.
 If the problem involves the dependent motion of several
particles, try to relate their velocities. Make sure the
positive coordinate directions used for writing these
kinematics equations are the same as those used for
writing the equations of impulse and momentum.
 *Example 1
The 100-kg stone is originally at rest on the smooth
horizontally surface. If a towing force of 200 N, acting at
an angle of 45°, is applied to the stone for 10 s, determine
the final velocity and the normal force which the surface
exerts on the stone during the time interval.
 *Solution
Free-Body Diagram.
Since all forces acting are constant, the impulses are
simply the product of the force magnitude and 10 s [I =
Fc(t2 – t1)].
Principle of Impulse and Momentum.
Resolving the vectors along the x, y, z axes,

 t2
   m(vx )1    Fx dt  m(vx ) 2
  t1

0  200(10) cos 45  (100)v2

v2  14.1m / s
    t2
m(v y )1    Fy dt  m(v y ) 2
t1

0  NC (10)  981(10)  200(10) sin 45  0

NC  840 N

Since no motion occurs in y direction, direct application of

the equilibrium equation ∑Fy = 0 gives the same result for NC
 *Example 2
The 250-N crate is acted upon by a force having a variable
magnitude P = (100t) N. Determine the crate’s velocity 2 s
after P has been applied. The initial velocity is v1 = 1 m/s
down the plane, and the coefficient of kinetic friction
between the crate and the plane is μk = 0.3.
 *Solution
Free-Body Diagram.
The impulse created can be determined by integrating P =
100t over the 2-s time interval. The weight, normal force
and frictional force are all constant, so the impulse
created by each of these forces is simply the magnitude of
the force times 2 s.
Principle of Impulse and Momentum.
t2
+ m(vx )1    Fx dt  m(vx ) 2
t1
250 2 250
(1)   (100t ) dt  0.3 NC (2)  250(2) sin 30 

v2
9.81 0 9.81
25.5  200  0.6 NC  250  25.5v2
The equation of equilibrium can be applied in the y
direction

+ NC  250 cos 30  0


Solving,
NC = 216.5 N v2 = 13.6m/s
 *Example 3
Block A and B have a mass of 3 kg and 5 kg respectively. If
the system is released from rest, determine the velocity of
block B in 6 s. Neglect the mass of the pulley and cord.
 *Solution
Free-Body Diagram.
 Since the weight of each block is
constant, the cord tensions will also be
constant.
 Furthermore, since the mass of pulley D
is neglected, the cord tension TA = 2TB.
 Note that the blocks are both assumed
to be traveling downward in the
positive directions, sA and sB
Principle of Impulse and Momentum.
Block A:

   t2
m(v A )1    Fy dt  m(v A ) 2
t1
0  2TB (6)  3(9.81)(6)  (3)(v A ) 2 (1)
Block B:

   t2
m(vB )1    Fy dt  m(vB ) 2
t1
0  5(9.81)(6)  TB (6)  (5)(vB ) 2 (2)
Kinematics.
2 s A  sB  l
Taking time derivative yields
2v A  vB

As indicated by the negative sign, when B moves

downward A moves upward. Substituting this result into
Eq. 1 and solving Eqs. 1 and 2 yields
(vB)2 = 35.8 m/s TB = 19.2 N
 * Principle of Linear Impulse and
Momentum for a System of
Particles
The principle of linear impulse and momentum for a
system of particles moving relative to an inertial reference
is obtained from the equation applied to all the particles
in the system

dvi
 Fi   mi dt
 * Principle of Linear Impulse and
Momentum for a System of
Particles
 The left term represents only the sum of the external
forces acting on the system of particles.
 The internal forces fi acting between particles do not
appear with this summation, since by Newton’s third
law they occur in equal but opposite collinear pairs and
therefore cancel out.
 Multiplying both sides with dt and integrate

t2
 mi  vi 1   t1 Fi dt  mi  vi  2
 * Conservation of Linear Momentum
for a System of Particles

 When the sum of the external impulses acting on a

system of particles is zero, the equation is

 mi  vi 1   mi  vi  2
 This equation is referred to as the conservation of linear
momentum.
 It states that the total momentum for a system of
particles remains constant during the time period t1 to
t2.
* Conservation of Linear Momentum
for a System of Particles

 The conservation of linear momentum is often applied

when particles collide or interact.
 Study on the FBD for the entire system of particles should
be made in order to identify the forces which create
either external or internal impulses and thereby
determine in what direction(s) linear momentum is
conserved.
 The internal impulses for the system will always cancel
out, since they occur in equal but opposite collinear
pairs.
 * Conservation of Linear Momentum
for a System of Particles

 If the time period over the motion is very short, some of

the external impulses may also be neglected or
considered approximately equal to zero.
 The forces causing these negligible impulses are called
non-impulsive forces.
 Forces that are very large and act for a very short
period of time produce a significant change in
momentum and are called impulsive forces.
 *Procedure for Analysis
Free-Body Diagram
 Establish the x, y, z inertial frame of reference and
draw the FBD for each particle of the system in order to
identify the internal and external forces.
 The conservation of linear momentum applied to the
system in a given direction when no external forces or if
non-impulsive forces act on the system in that direction
 Establish the direction and sense of the particle’s initial
and final velocities. If the sense is unknown, assume it is
along a positive inertial coordinate axis.
 As an alternative procedure, draw the impulse and
momentum diagrams for each particle of the system.
 *Procedure for Analysis
Momentum Equations
 Apply the principle of linear impulse and momentum or
the conservation of linear momentum in the appropriate
directions
 If it is necessary to determine the internal impulse ∫Fdt
acting on only one particle of a system, then the
particle must be isolated (free-body diagram), and the
principle of linear impulse and momentum must be
applied to the particle.
 After the impulse is calculated, and provided the time
∆t for which the impulse acts is known, then the
average impulsive force Favg can be determined from Favg
= ∫F dt/∆t.
 *Example 4
The 15-Mg boxcar A is coasting at 1.5 m/s on the
horizontal track when it encounters a 12-Mg tank B
coasting at 0.75 m/s toward it. If the cars meet and couple
together, determine (a) the speed of both cars just after
the coupling, and (b) the average force between them if
the coupling takes place in 0.8 s.
 *Solution
Part (a)
Free-Body Diagram.
We will consider both cars as a single system. By
inspection, momentum is conserved in the x direction
since the coupling force F is internal to the system and
will therefore cancel out. It is assumed both cars, when
coupled, move at v2 in the positive x direction.
Conservation of Linear Momentum.

 )
( m A (v A )1  mB (vB )1  (m A  mB )v2

(15000)(1.5)  (12000)(0.75)  (27000)v2

v2  0.5m / s 
Part (b)
The average (impulsive) coupling force Favg, can be
determined by applying the principle of linear momentum
to either one of the cars.
Free-Body Diagram.
As shown in figure, by isolating the boxcar the coupling
force is external to the car.
Principle of Impulse and Momentum.

 m A (v A )1    F dt  m Av2
( )
(15000)(1.5)  Favg (0.8)  (15000)(0.5)
Favg  18.8kN
 *Example 5
The 600-kg cannon fires an 4-kg projectile with a muzzle
velocity of 450 m/s relative to the ground. If firing takes
place in 0.03 s, determine (a) the recoil velocity of the
cannon just after firing, and (b) the average impulsive
force acting on the projectile.
The cannon support is fixed to the ground, and the
horizontal recoil of the cannon is absorb by two springs.
 *Solution
Part (a) Free-Body Diagram.
We will consider the projectile and cannon as a single
system, since the impulsive forces, F, between the cannon
and projectile are internal to the system and will
therefore cancel from the analysis.
During the time ∆t = 0.03 s, the two recoil springs which
are attached to the support each exert a non-impulsive
force Fs on the cannon. This is because ∆t is very short, so
that during this time the cannon only moves through a very
small distance s.
Consequently, Fs = ks ≈ 0, where k is the spring’s stiffness.
It may be concluded that momentum for the system is
conserved in the horizontal direction.
We assume that the cannon moves to the left, while the
projectile moves to the right after firing.
Conservation of Momentum.

( ) mc (vc )1  m p (v p )1   mc (vc ) 2  m p (v p ) 2

0  0  (600)(vc ) 2  (4)( 450)

(vc ) 2  3m / s 
Part (b) The average impulsive force exerted by the
cannon on the projectile can be determined by applying
the principle of linear impulse and momentum to the
projectile.
Principle of Impulse and Momentum.

 m(v p )1    F dt  m(v p ) 2
( )
0  Favg (0.03)  (4)( 450)
3
Favg  60(10 )  60.0kN

Can we apply principle of impulse and momentum to the

cannon to find Favg ?
 *Example 6
The 350-Mg tugboat T is used to pull the 50-Mg barge B
with a rope R. If the barge is initially at rest and the
tugboat is coasting freely with a velocity of (vT)1 = 3 m/s
while the rope is slack, determine the velocity of the
tugboat directly after the rope become taut. Assume the
rope does not stretch. Neglect the frictional effects of the
water
 *Solution
Free-Body Diagram.
We will consider the entire system. The impulsive force
created between the tugboat and the barge is internal to
the system, therefore momentum of the system is
conserved during the instant of towing.
Alternative procedure of drawing the system’s impulse and
momentum diagrams is as shown below
Conservation of Momentum.
Noting that (vB)2 = (vT)2


   mT (vT )1  mB (vB )1  mT (vT ) 2  mB (vB ) 2
 
3 3 3
(350)(10 )(3)  0  350(10 )(vT ) 2  50(10 )(vT ) 2
(vT ) 2  2.62m / s 

This value represents the tugboat’s velocity just after the

towing impulse.
 *Example 7
An 800-kg rigid pile P is driven into
the ground using a 300-kg hammer
H. The hammer falls from rest at a
height y0 = 0.5 m and strikes the
top of the pile. Determine the
impulse which the hammer imparts
on the pile if the pile is surrounded
entirely by loose sand so that after
striking, the hammer does not
rebound off the pile.
 *Solution
Conservation of Energy.
The velocity at which the hammer strikes the pile can be
determined using the conservation of energy equation
applied to the hammer.

T0  V0  T1  V1
1 1
mH (vH )0  WH y0  mH (vH )12  WH y1
2
2 2
1
0  300(9.81)(0.5)  (300)(vH )12  0
2
(vH )1  3.13m / s
Free-Body Diagram.
 During the short time occurring
just before to just after the
collision, the weight of the
hammer and pile and the
resistance force Fs of the sand are
all non-impulsive.
 The impulsive force R is internal
to the system and therefore
cancels.
 Consequently, momentum is
conserved in the vertical direction
during this short time.
Conservation of Momentum.
Since the hammer does not rebound off the pile just after
the collision, then (vH)2 = (vP)2 = v2

(  ) mH (vH )1  m p (v p )1  mH v2  m p v2
(300)(3.13)  0  300v2  800v2
v2  0.854m / s
 Principle of Impulse and Momentum.
The impulse which the pile imparts to the hammer can
now be determined since v2 is known.

t2
(  ) mH (vH )1    Fy dt  mH v2
t1

(300)(3.13)   R dt  (300)(0.854)

 R dt  683N  s
 *Example 8
A boy having a mass of 40-kg stands on the back of a 15-kg
toboggan which is originally at rest. If he walks to the
front B and stops, determine the distance the toboggan
moves.
 *Solution
Free-Body Diagram.
 The unknown frictional force of the boy’s shoes on the
bottom of the toboggan can be excluded from the
analysis if the toboggan and the boy on it are
considered as a single system.
 In this way the frictional force F becomes internal and
the conservation of momentum applies
Conservation of Momentum.
Since both the initial and final
momenta of the system are zero
(because initial and final velocities are
zero), the system’s momentum must
also be zero when the boy is at some
intermediate point between A and B,
thus

( )  mb vb  mt vt  0
The 2 unknowns vb and vt represent
the velocities of the boy moving to
the left and the toboggan moving to
the right. Both are measured from a
fixed inertial reference on the
ground.
At any instant the position of point A on the toboggan and
the position of the boy must be determined by integration.
Since v = ds/dt, then –mbdsb + mtdst = 0

Assuming the initial position of point A to be at the origin,

then at the final position we have –mbsb + mtst = 0. Since sb
+ st = 2 m, sb = (2 – st) then

 mb (2  st )  mt st  0
2mb 2(40)
st    1.45m
mb  mt 40  15
THANK
YOU