CHAPTER 10: SAMPLING

AND ITS TYPES

INSTRUCTOR: ZUHAIB KHOKHAR

 Outline

 Sampling
 Types or Techniques of Sampling 1. Non-Probability Sampling
1. Probability Sampling a. Convenience Sampling
a. Simple Random Sampling b. Judgment Sampling
b. Stratified Random Sampling c. Quota Sampling
c. Systematic Sampling d. Snowball Sampling
d. Cluster Sampling
e. Multi-Stage Sampling
Sampling

 The process of selecting a small number of elements from a larger defined target
group of elements.

 The sample is representative of the population.

Types or Techniques of Sampling

1. Probability 2. Non-Probability
Sampling Sampling
1. Probability Sampling

 Probability is a type of sampling where each member of the population has a known
probability and equal chances of being selected in the sample.

 Probability sampling includes simple random sampling, stratified random sampling,

systematic sampling, cluster sampling and multi-stage sampling.
1.a. Simple Random Sampling

 In simple random sampling, the members of the sample are selected randomly and
everyone has an equal chance of being selected.
1.b. Stratified Random Sampling

 In stratified random sampling, first the population is divided into sub-groups (known
as strata) and then members of each sub-group are selected randomly. This technique
is adopted when the population is not homogenous. Hence, first the population is
divided into homogeneous sub-groups.

 Example: Age, sex, profession, religion and so on.

1.c. Systematic Sampling

 In systematic sampling;, a member occurring after a fixed interval is selected. The

member occurring after fixed interval is known as “Kth” element.

 For Example: if a research wants to select member occurring after every ten (10)
members, the “Kth” element becomes 10th element. It means for selecting a sample
from 100 members will be as follows:
 Sample = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100}
 1.d. Cluster Sampling

 In a cluster sampling, various segments of a population are treated as clusters and the
members from each cluster are selected randomly. Though it seems similar to stratified
sampling but there is difference in both. In stratified sampling, the researcher divides the
population into homogeneous sub-groups on the basis of similar characteristics e.g. age,
sex, profession, religion and so on. On the other hand, in cluster sampling, the researcher
does not divide the population into sub-groups or cluster but randomly select from early
existing or naturally occurring sub-groups (clusters) of the population.

 For Example: Families within a society, towns within a district, organizations within a
city and so on.
 1.e. Multi-Stage Sampling

 Multi-stage sampling is a complex form of cluster sampling. In multistage sampling,

each cluster of the sample is further divided into smaller clusters and members are
selected from each smaller cluster randomly. It is called a multi-sage sampling as it
involves many stages.
 1.e. Multi-Stage Sampling

 For Example: Let’s say you wanted to find out which subjects U.S. school children
preferred. A population list — a list of all U.S. schoolchildren– would be near-impossible
to come by, so you cannot take a sample of the population. Instead, you divide the
population into states and take a simple random sample of states. For the next stage, you
might take a simple random sample of schools from within those states. Finally you
could perform simple random sampling on the students within the schools to get your
sample.
2. Non-Probability Sampling

 It is type of sampling where each member of the population does not have a known
probability and equal chances of being selected in the sample.

 Non-probability sampling includes convenience sampling, judgment sampling, quota

sampling and snowball sampling.
2.a. Convenience Sampling

 Convenience sampling is also known as Accidental or Haphazard Sampling.

 It is a type of sampling where the members of the sample are selected on the basis of
the convenience. Only those members are selected which are easily accessible to the
research.

 For Example: A researcher may visit a college or a university and get the
questionnaires filled.
2.b. Judgment Sampling

 Judgment sampling is also called as Purposive Sampling.

 It is the type of sampling where the members for a sample are selected according to
the purpose of the study.

 For Example: If a research wants to study the impact of drugs abuse on health. Every
member of the society is not the best respondent for this study. Only the drug addicts
can be the best respondents for this study.
2.c. Quota Sampling

 In quota sampling, the members are selected according to some specific

characteristics chosen by the researcher. These specific characteristics serve as a quota
for selection of members of the sample. Hence the members are selected on the basis
of these specific characteristics such as age, sex, religion, profession, ethnicity,
interest and so on.
2.d. Snowball Sampling

 Snowball sampling is also called as Chain Sampling.

 It is type of sampling where initial respondents are obtained from information

provided by the initial respondents.

 For Example: A researcher wants to study “problems faced by migrants in the area”.
The researcher may not know enough number of migrants in the area to collect the
data, so in this case, the researcher may ask a migrant to help to locate him locate
other migrants to be interviewed.