Chapter 3

Stoichiometry
3.1 Atomic Masses
3.2 The Mole
3.3 Molar Mass
3.4 Percent Composition of Compounds
3.5 Determining the Formula of a Compound
3.6 Chemical Equations
3.7 Balancing Chemical Equations
3.8 Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of
Reactants and Products
3.9 Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant

01/19/21 1
 Atomic Mass

• We measure mass, volume, pressure, etc.

• We want number of atoms (or number of

moles)

• grams x (grams/mole)-1 = moles

01/19/21 2
 Atoms
• Avogadro’s Number is the number of 12C atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon
N0 = 6.02 X 1023
• The mass, in grams, of Avogadro's number of atoms of an element is
numerically equal to the relative atomic mass of that element (relative to carbon)

• The mass of 6.02 X 1023 atoms of 12C = 12.00 g (defn)

• The mass of 1 atom of 12C = 12.00 amu (12.00 Daltons)
• The mass of 6.02 X 1023 atoms of C = 12.01 g
• The mass of 6.02 X 1023 atoms of 35Cl = 35.0 g
• The mass of 6.02 X 1023 atoms of Cl = 35.4 g

01/19/21 3
 Molar Mass

01/19/21 4
 Moles

• The # of moles of chemical is its amount.

• One mole of a substance equals the amount that contains
Avogadro's number of atoms or molecules.
• One mole of an element or molecule has a Molecular Weight
(MWt) of that element or molecule, expressed in grams
• For example, the Molecular Weight of Glucose (Glucose
C6H12O6) is
MWt = 6(12.0 g/mol)
+ 12(1.00 g/mol)
+ 6(16.0 g/mol)
= 180 g/mol

01/19/21 Zumdahl Chapter 3 5

 Isoamyl acetate have the formula C7H14O2.
Calculate (a) how many moles and (b) how many
molecules are contained in 0.250 grams of
isoamyl acetate.

Strategy: Use the units. You are given grams. You need moles.
The molecular weight is given in g / mol). Then you need molecules.
Avo’s # is molecules / mole.

– Calculate MWt of C7H14O2

– Calculate the number of moles in 0.250 grams
– Using Avogadro’s number to calculate the number of
molecules in the number of moles of C7H14O2

01/19/21 6
 Percentage Composition (g/g) from Empirical or
Molecular Formula
Tetrodotoxin, a potent poison found in the
ovaries and liver of the globefish, has the
empirical formula C11H17N3O8. Calculate the
mass percentages of the four element in this
compound.
Strategy:
– Calculate molar mass of C11H17N3O8, by
finding the mass contributed by each
element.
– Assume you have one mole of the
compound.
– Divide the mass of each element by the total
01/19/21 mass of the compound.
Zumdahl Chapter 3 7
 Tetrodotoxin has the empirical formula C11H17N3O8.
Calculate the mass percentages (g/g) of the four element in
this compound.
Solution:
– Calculate molar mass of C11H17N3O8, by finding the
mass contributed by each element
C : 11x12 = 132 g / mol
H : 1x17 = 17
N : 3x14 = 42
O : 8x16 = 126
tot = 317 g / mol
– Calculate the mass of one mole of tetrodotoxin
317 g / mol x 1 mol = 317 g

– Divide the mass of each element by the mass of the

compound.
Example C: 132 g / 317 g = 0.42 g/g (42 %)

01/19/21 Zumdahl Chapter 3 8

 Milli, Micro, etc
1 mmol = 1 millimole =1x10-3 mol
1mg = 1 milligram =1x10-3 g
1msec = 1 millisec =1x10-3 sec
1 mol = 1 micromole =1x10-6 mol
1g = 1 microgram =1x10-6 g
Also nano (10-9)
pico (10-12)
femto (10-15)

An Angstrom (Å)= 10-15 meters = 0.1 nm

01/19/21 9
 The Law of Conservation of Mass
• The mass/matter of a closed system is constant.

• Mass can be rearranged but not created or

/destroyed.

• In a chemical reaction the mass of the reactants

equals the mass of the products.

• Mass is conserved during a change of state (solid

to liquid to gas)
(This law holds in this class, but maybe not in your
physics class)
01/19/21 10
 Using Conservation of Mass to
determine an Empirical Formula
Moderate heating of 97.4 mg of a
compound containing nickel, carbon
and oxygen and no other elements
drives off all of the carbon and
oxygen in the form of carbon
monoxide (CO) and leaves 33.5 mg
of metallic nickel (Ni) behind.
Determine the empirical formula of
the compound.
01/19/21 11
 Using Conservation of Mass to
determine an Empirical Formula
1. Write the reaction. NixCyOy -> X Ni + Y CO

2. Use conservation of mass to find the mass of CO.

97.4 mg (mass tot) – 33.5 mg (mass Ni) = 63.9 g (mass CO)

3. Find the number of moles of CO and of Ni.

CO : 63.9 mg / (12.0+16.0 g/mol) = 2.28 mmol
Ni : 33.5 mg / 58.7 g / mol) = 0.57 mmol

4. Find the ratios of the moles by dividing each by the smallest one,
i.e., normalize to the smallest.
2.28 mmol CO /.57 mmol Ni = 4

5.01/19/21
Y/X = 4: answer is NiC4O4 12
 Chemical Equations

• Chemical Reactions tell us three things

• What atoms or molecules react together to form
what products.
• How much reactant how much product.
• The state of each species

aA (l) + bB (s)  cC (s) + dD (g)

Reactants Products

01/19/21 Zumdahl Chapter 3 13

 Chemical Equations
The Law of Conservation of Mass says that a
chemical equation must have the same
number of atoms of a given kind on each
side (a chemical reaction cannot create or
destroy carbon, or oxygen, or hydrogen, or
etc.)
Chemical equations must be balanced!

H2 + O2  H2O (not balanced)

2H2 + O2  2H2O (balanced)
 Chemical Equations
4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 Al2O3(s)
This equation means

4 Al atoms + 3 O2 molecules ---

produces--->
2 molecules of Al2O3
or
4 moles of Al + 3 moles of O2 ---
produces--->
2 moles of Al2O3
Br2 (l) + ___ Al (s) → __Al2Br6
(s)
 Balancing Chemical Equations

• The same atoms are present in a

reaction at the beginning and at the
end.
KClO3 (s)  KCl (s) + O2 (g) no

KClO3 (s)  KCl (s) + 3/2O2 (g) better

2KClO3 (s)  2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g) best

 To Balance an Equation
Step 1: Set the stoichimetric coefficient of the most complicated
molecule (with the largest number of different elements ) to 1.

Step 2: Balance as many atoms as possible in the second most

complicated molecule. Ignore atoms that show up elsewhere in
homonuclear species like O2 and H2.

Step 3: Balance the atoms in the in the homonuclear species (O2

and H2).

Step 4: Eliminate fractional coefficients.

Step 5: Count the each atom type on each side of the equation.
01/19/21 17
 Balancing
Equations

Combustion of Propane

C3H8(g) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O (g)

 Balancing
Equations

Combustion of Propane

1C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O (g)

 Writing Balanced Chemical Equations

PbO2 + Pb + H2SO4 → PbSO4 + H2O


PbO2 + Pb + 2 H2SO4 → 2 PbSO4 + 2 H2O
2 Pb Check for balance 2 Pb
10 O 10 O
4H Balanced 4H
Problem: Suppose we have 1.45 grams of Pb in the
presence of excess lead oxide and sulfuric acid. How many
grams of Lead Sulfate are produced?
01/19/21 Zumdahl Chapter 3 20
 Limiting Reactants
3 Br2 (l) + 2 Al (s) → 1 Al2Br6 (s)
excess limiting Given the amounts below

01/19/21 21
 Limiting Reagent
1. Balance the reaction.
2. Convert reactant masses to moles [g(g/mol)-
1=mol]

3. Normalize the moles of each reactant by its

stoichiometric coefficient.
4. Find the smallest normalized number of moles
5. Use the ratio of stoichiometric coefficients to
find the moles of product.
6. Convert to mass (if necessary).
01/19/21 22
 Example Calculation Involving a Limiting Reactant

Suppose that 1.00 g of sodium and 1.00 g of chlorine react to form

sodium chloride (NaCl). Which of these is limiting, and what is the
mass of product.

2 Na + Cl2 → 2 NaCl
nNa = 1.00 g x (1 mol Na / 23.0 g Na) = 0.0435 mol Na

nCl = 1.00 g × (1 mol / 70.9 g Cl2) = 0.0141 mol Cl2

2

nNa/2 = 0.022 (normalized) nCl2/1 = 0.0141 (normalized)

Cl2 is the limiting reagent

0.0141 moles of Cl2 gives 0.0282 moles of NaCl. Use the molecular
weight of NaCl to find the mass of NaCl produced.
01/19/21 23
 What mass (in grams) of xenon tetrafluoride would
be required to react completely with 1.000 g of
water?
XeF4 + 2 H2O → Xe + 4 HF + O2

=
01/19/21 24
 At one point in the purification of silicon, gaseous SiHCl3
reacts with gaseous H2 to give gaseous HCl and solid Si.
(a) Determine the chemical amount (in moles) of H2 required
to react with 160.4 mol of SiHCl3.
(b) Determine the chemical amount of HCl that is produced.
(c) Determine the mass (in grams) of Si that is produced.

SiHCl3 (g) + H2 (g) → 3 HCl (g) + Si (s)

(a)

(b)

01/19/21 Zumdahl Chapter 3 25

 At one point in the purification of silicon, gaseous SiHCl3 reacts
with gaseous H2 to give gaseous HCl and solid Si.
(a) Determine the chemical amount (in moles) of H2 required to
react with 160.4 mol of SiHCl3.
(b) Determine the chemical amount of HCl that is produced.
(c) Determine the mass (in grams) of Si that is produced.

1 mol SiHCl3 1 mol H2 3 mol HCl 1 mol Si

SiHCl3 (g) + H2 (g) → 3 HCl (g) + Si (s)

(c)

01/19/21 Zumdahl Chapter 3 26

 Isotopes of Cl:
031 032 033 034 035 036 037
150 msec 298 msec 2.511 sec 1.5264 sec 75.77% 3.01E+5 yr 24.23%
EC/ECp,11.9 EC/ECa/ECp,12.6 EC,5.583 EC,5.492 B-/EC,10.41
80 85 MeV MeV 3
S-31/P-30 S-32/Si-28/P-31 S-33 S-34 Stable Ar-36/S-36 Stable
30.9924 31.985688 32.97745 33.97376 35.9683
34.9688 36.9659
038 039 040 041 042 043 044
37.24 min 55.6 min 1.35 min 38.4 sec 6.8 sec 3.3 sec 0.43 sec
B-,4.917 MeV B-,3.442 MeV B-,7.480 B-,5.730 B-,9.430 B-,7.950 B-/B-
Ar-38 Ar-39 MeV MeV MeV MeV n,3.920
37.968010 38.968008 Ar-40 Ar-41 Ar-42 Ar-43 Ar-44/Ar-43
39.970413 40.970649 41.973172 42.974202 43.978539
045 046 047 MASS
400 msec 0.22 sec 200 nsec abund.
B-/B-n,10.800 B-/B-n,6.900 B-/B- Halflife
Ar-45/Ar-44 Ar-46/Ar-45 n,14.700 Particle, Energy
44.979710 45.984111 Ar-47/Ar-46 Decay Product(s)
46.987976 Isotopic Mass

35
Cl contains 17 protons and 18 neutrons
37
Cl contains 17 protons and 20 neutrons
Average Relative Atomic Mass = A1P1 + A2P2 + ... + AnPn
01/19/21 Zumdahl Chapter 3 27
Chlorine = 35.45