ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS

TIME SIGNALS & SYSTEMS

LTI-Continuous time systems
Example for convolution
 The Topic

Continuous Discrete
Time Time
Periodic

Discrete
Discrete
Fourier
Fourier Fourier
Fourier
Series
Series Transform
Transform

Continuous
Continuous
Aperiodic

Fourier
Fourier
Fourier
Fourier Transform
Transform
Transform
Transform
 Two Forms for Fourier Series

Sinusoidal aa00  22nt

nt

22nt
nt
ff((tt))   a cos
ann cos 
  b sin
bnn sin
Form 22 n 1 TT n 1 TT
n 1 n 1

2 T /2
an   f (t ) cos n0tdt
2 T /2 T T / 2
a0   f (t )dt
T  T / 2 2 T /2
bn   f (t ) sin n0tdt
T T / 2

Complex 1
ff((tt)) 
T /2

jnjn0t t

Form: ccnnee
nn

0 cn 
T T / 2
f (t )e  jn0t dt
 How to Deal with Aperiodic
Signal?

AAPeriodic
PeriodicSignal
Signal f(t)

If T, what happens?

 Fourier Series vs. Fourier
Integral

Fourier 

Series: ff((tt)) 
nccn ee
jnjn0t t
0 Period Function
nn


11 TT/ /22
ccnn   ffTT((tt))eejnjn0t0tdt Discrete Spectra
TT TT/ /22
dt

Fourier 11  Non-Period
ff((tt))  FF((jj))eejjt tdd
Integral: 22  Function

FF((jj)) ff((tt))eejjt tdt Continuous Spectra
 
dt
 Sufficient Condition for Convergence

 | x(n) | 
n  
j
| X (e ) |  for all 
 
j
| X (e ) |   x ( n )e
n  
 jn
  | x ( n)e
n  
 jn
|

  | x
n  
( n ) || e  j n
|

  | x ( n) |  
n  
 Parseval’s Theorem:
Energy Preserving

 11 
|| ff ((tt))|| dtdt  22 || FF(( jj))|| dd
22 22

*
F [ f * (t )]   f * (t )e  jt dt    f (t )e dt   F * ( j)
 
jt
   
 
 | f (t ) | dt   f (t ) f * (t )dt
2
 

1  1 
          d
2
F ( j ) F * [ ( j )]d | F ( j ) |
2   2 
CTFT SPECTRUM
Time Domain Frequency Domain
Properties of Convolution
convolution multiplication

ff11((tt))** ff22((tt))
FF

FF11(( jj
))FF22(( jj
))
Impulse
ImpulseResponse
Response
LTI
LTISystem
f(t) System
f(t)*h(t)
h(t)
h(t)
Impulse
ImpulseResponse
Response
F(j) LTI
LTISystem
System
F(j)H(j)
H(j)
H(j)
Properties of Convolution

ff11((tt))** ff22((tt))
FF

FF11(( jj
))FF22(( jj
))

Fi(j) H(j) Fo(j)

1

0  p 0 p 0 

An Ideal Low-Pass Filter

Implementation of LTI systems
Direct form-I
Direct Form-II
• Cascade structure

• Parallel structure