Chemical Engineering

Thermodynamics-II
Course Outline and Introduction
Instructor: Aqeel Ahmad TAIMOOR
 Let us start!
 Name: Aqeel Ahmad TAIMOOR

 Office: G-13, Faculty of Materials and Chemical

Engineering

 Taught thermodynamics at BS, MS and PhD level

 Class is always open for question. For me no question is

a silly question, only people behavior makes it silly

 Please do not let me go forward if you do not understand

anything on the slides

 Never miss a class! Read and understand the material the

same day!
 Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is a funny subject. The first time you go

through it, you don’t understand it at all. The second time
you go through it, you think you understand it, except for
one or two points. The third time you go through it, you
know you don’t understand it, but by that time you are so
used to the subject, it doesn’t bother you anymore.

(Arnold Sommerfeld)
 Thermodynamics
Why it is so?

 In my opinion

 Thermodynamics is an experimental subject (PHYSICS!)

 Bad communication (or perhaps sometimes cannot be

communicated!) you have to learn it by yourself

 Facts are sometimes intermingled by the instructor as per

his own observations. So try to relate things with your
observations

 I am learning thermodynamics by Mathematics!

 Text Books
Chemical, Biochemical, and Engineering
Thermodynamics by STANLEY I.
SANDLER, 5th edition, Wiley Inc.

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamcis by

Smith J. M.,Van Ness,H. C., Abbott M. M.,
7th edition, 2010, McGraw Hill
 Grading Policy
Assessment tool Percentage

Assignments 5%

Quizzes (5) 25%

Mid Term 30%

Final 40%
 RECAP! Temperature &
Pressure
 Temperature is the average energy of the molecules

 Absolute temperature ‘K’

 Pressure is the force on a unit area by the molecules

 Absolute pressure = gauge + atmospheric

 Temperature and pressure are comparatively easy to

measure

 Rest of the thermodynamic properties can then be

calculated using equations based on ‘T’ and ‘P’
 RECAP!
 Internal energy

 Energy associated with molecules (Kinetic Energy!)

 Total energy of a substance is sum of its internal and

external energy like kinetic and potential energy

 Enthalpy

 Energy associated with substance under shear stress

 Gibbs Energy

 It is the difference of the energies. Energy that can

brought change!
 Open and closed system

 If the mass of the system does not change then system is

closed

 If not closed then system is open!

 State and Phase

 State of a system is defined by thermodynamic variables

(temperature, pressure, composition, internal energy,
enthalpy, work functions, entropy, fugacity etc.)

 Different states presents different phases

 Equilibrium state

 it does not vary with time

 the system is uniform (there are no internal temperature,

pressure, velocity, or concentration gradients)

 the net rate of all chemical reactions is zero.

 Stable and Unstable states

 If a system comes back to its equilibrium state after small

perturbation then it is stable equilibrium (a) and (b)

 (c) is unstable (super-cooled liquid)

Ideal Gas Law
 PV = RT
 Concepts you knew!
 In any change of state total mass is conserved

 In any change of state total momentum is a conserved

quantity

 In any change of state the total energy (which includes

internal, potential, and kinetic energy, heat, and work) is
a conserved quantity

 Heat and work, or more generally, thermal and

mechanical energy

 Total work can be converted to heat

 But total heat cannot be converted to work!

Problem