Section 5.4 Functions Defined by Powers and Roots: Slide - 1

Section 5.
4 Functions Defined by
Powers and Roots
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 1
Power and Root Functions
A function f given by f ( x )  x b
, where b is a constant,
is a power function.
1
If b  , for some integer n  2, then f is a root
n 1
given by f ( x )  x n
, or equivalently,function
f  x   n
x
p
p
f ( x)  x , in lowest terms
q
q
if q is odd, the domain is all real numbers.
if q is even, the domain is all nonnegative real
numbers.
Example 1: Graphing Power
Functions
a) Graph f ( x )  x b
, where b = 0.3, 1, and 1.7, for
x  0.
b) Discuss the effect that b has on the graph of f
when b > 0 and x  1.
The larger values of

b cause the graph of
f to increase faster.
Example 2: Applying Properties of
Rational Exponents
Simplify each expression by hand.
 
3 3
  2  8
3
a) 16 4  4
16
 
4
64   4   256
3 4
b)
 
2
c) (125) 3
 3
125  (5) 2  25
Example 3: Writing Radicals with
Rational Exponents
Use positive rational exponents to write each
expression. Assume variables are positive.
1 1 2
a) x x 2 b)
3
x  x
2

2 3
x 3
5
 z  
1 5
5
4 1
z   z  5
4 4
c)
  z4
1 1 1
 1  1
    
1 1
2  7
 7 2 2
d) 3 y4 
y  y  y 3

   y43  4
   y 12
  y 24

     
Example 4: Modeling the Period of
Satellite Orbits (1 of 5)
Use the data in the table to complete the following.
a) Make a scatterplot Planet x y
of the data. Graphically Mercury 0.387 0.241
estimate a value for Venus 0.723 0.615
b so that    b
f x x Earth 1.00 1.00
models the data. Mars 1.52 1.88
Jupiter 5.20 11.9
Saturn 9.54 29.5
We make a scatter diagram of the data and then
graph y  x for different values of b. From the
b
1.4 1.5
calculator graphs of Y1 =X , Y2 =X , and Y3 =X1.6
in the figures, we see that b  1.5.
b) Numerically check the accuracy of f.
The values shown below model the data in the table
remarkably well.
Planet x y
Mercury 0.387 0.241
Venus 0.723 0.615
Earth 1.00 1.00
Mars 1.52 1.88
Jupiter 5.20 11.9
Saturn 9.54 29.5
c) The average distances of Uranus, Neptune, and
Pluto from the sun are 19.2, 30.1, and 39.5,
respectively. Use f to estimate the periods of
revolution for these satellites. Compare these
answers with the actual values of 84.0, 164.8, and
248.5 years.
(see next slide)
c) To approximate the number of years for Uranus,
Neptune, and Pluto to orbit the sun, we evaluate
Y2 =X1.5 at X = 19.2, 30.1, and 39.5, as shown below.
These values are close to the actual values.
Example 5: Modeling the Length of a
Bird’s Wing (1 of 4)
The table lists the weight W and the wingspan L for
birds of a particular species.
W (in kilograms) 0.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
L (in meters) 0.77 1.10 1.22 1.31 1.40
a) Use power regression to model the data with

L  aW b . Graph the data and the equation.
b) Approximate the wingspan for a bird weighing 3.2
kilograms.
a) Let x be the weight W and y be the length L.
Enter the data, and then select power regression
(PwrReg), as shown in the following figures.
a) y  0.9674 x 0.3326
, or L  0.9674W 0.3326
b) If a bird weighs 3.2 kg, this model predicts the
wingspan to be
L  .9674  3.2 
0.3326
 1.42 meters.
Function Capsule (1 of 2)
Root Function, n Even f  x   n
x
Domain:  0,   Range:  0,  
• For n even, f  x   n
x increases on  0,   .
• It is also continuous on  0,   .
Function Capsule (2 of 2)
Root Function, n Odd f  x  
n
x
Domain:  ,   Range:  ,  
• For n odd, f  x   n x increases on its entire domain,  ,   .

• It is continuous on  ,   .
Example 6: Finding Domains of Root
Functions
Find the domain of each function.
a) f  x   4 x  12 b) g  x   8 x  8
3
a) 4 x  12 must be greater than or equal to 0 since

the root, n = 2, is even.
4 x  12  0
The domain of f is  3,   .
x  3
b) Since the root, n = 3, is odd, the domain of g is
all real numbers or  ,   .
Example 7: Transforming Graphs of
Root Functions (1 of 4)
a) Explain how the graph of y  4 x  12
can be obtained from the graph of y  x .
Then graph both equations on the same coordinate
axes.
y  4 x  12 Shift y  x left 3 units
 4( x  3) and stretch vertically by
a factor of 2.
 4 x3
 2 x3
a) Domain is  3,   .
Range is  0,   .
b) Repeat part (a) for the graph of y  3
8 x  8,
compared to the graph of y  3
x.
y  8 x  8
3
 3 8( x  1) Shift y  3 x right 1 unit, stretch

vertically by a factor of 2, and
 3 8  3 x  1 reflect across the x-axis.
 2 3 x  1
b) Domain and range are both  ,   .
Example 8: Graphing a Circle by
Hand
Sketch the graph of ( x –1) 2
 ( y  2) 2
 9.
The equation is given in the form
( x – h) 2  ( y – k ) 2  r 2 ,
so the graph is a circle
with center (h, k) = (1, −2)
and radius = 3.
Graphing Circles Using Root
Functions (1 of 2)
The equation of a circle centered at the origin with
radius r is found by finding the distance from the
origin to a point  x, y  on the circle.
r  ( x  0) 2  ( y  0)2
r  ( x  0)  ( y  0)
2 2 2
r x y
2 2 2
The circle is not a function, so imagine a semicircle

on top and another on the bottom.
Graphing Circles Using Root
Functions (2 of 2)
Solve for y:
x y r
2 2 2
y2  r 2  x2
y   r 2  x2
y1  r 2 x 2 and y2   r 2

    x 2
top semicircle bottom semicircle
Since y2   y1 , the “bottom” semicircle is a

reflection of the “top” semicircle.
Example 9: Graphing a Circle (1 of 4)
a) Use a calculator in function mode to graph the
circle x 2
 y 2
 4.
To obtain the graph, write the equation as two root
functions.
x2  y 2  4
y 2  4  x2
y   4  x2
a) Y1  4  X 2
Y2   4  X 2
Use a square window.
b) Use a calculator in function mode to graph the
circle ( x  1)  ( y  2)  9
2 2
To obtain the graph, write the equation as two root

functions.
( y  2) 2  9  ( x  1) 2
y  2   9  ( x  1) 2
y  2  9  ( x  1) 2
a) Y1  2  9  (X  1) 2
Y2  2  9  (X  1) 2
Use a square window.
Example 10: Graphing a Parabola
with a Horizontal Axis (1 of 2)
Sketch the graph of x  y 2
–1. Is this parabola a
graph of a function?
2
Because there is a y -term 2
and no -term, this
x
parabola has a horizontal axis. Start by making a
table of values as shown on the next slide and then
plot these points. Connect these points with a
smooth curve that opens to the right. The parabola
is not a function because it fails the vertical line test.
Example 10: Graphing a Parabola
with a Horizontal Axis (2 of 2)
Table and Graph
x y
3 −2
0 −1
−1 0
0 1
3 2
Example 11: Graphing a Horizontal
Parabola (1 of 3)
Graph x  2 y 2
 6 y  5 and its axis of symmetry on
a graphing calculator. 2
x 1  3
Complete the square.  y 
2 4  2
x  2y  6y  5
2
2
x 5  y 3  x  1
 y  3y 
2
 
2 2  2 2 4
x 5 3 x 1
  y  3y2
y  
2 2 2 2 4
x 5 9 9 3 x 1
   y  3y 
2
y  
2 2 4 4 2 2 4
Parabola (2 of 3)
Two functions are now defined. It is easier to use
decimals when entering the equations into a
calculator. Therefore, we define y1 and y2 as follows.
Y1  1.5  0.5X  0.25
Y2  1.5  0.5X  0.25
The graphs of these two functions together form the
parabola with horizontal axis of symmetry
y3  –1.5.
See graph on next slide.
Parabola (3 of 3)
Graph

Section 5.4 Functions Defined by Powers and Roots: Slide - 1

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Section 5.4 Functions Defined by Powers and Roots: Slide - 1

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Section 5.

The larger values of

a) Use power regression to model the data with

• For n odd, f  x   n x increases on its entire domain,  ,   .

a) 4 x  12 must be greater than or equal to 0 since

 3 8( x  1) Shift y  3 x right 1 unit, stretch

The circle is not a function, so imagine a semicircle

top semicircle bottom semicircle

Since y2   y1 , the “bottom” semicircle is a

Use a square window.

To obtain the graph, write the equation as two root

Use a square window.

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