CHAPTER

CHAPTER 44
REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCTION AND
AND
GROWTH
GROWTH
4.1:Gamete Formation
 Objectives
• Explain the necessity for organism to
reproduce
• State types of reproduction
• Explain the necessity for formation
of gametes
 CONCEPT MAP
Reproduction and Growth

Reproduction Growth
Process
Human Plant Contribution
of science & Parameters for measuring
technology to
human
reproduction Curve
Moral issue Primary & Secondary
Growth in plants
The necessity for reproduction
 Reproduction

Sexual
Reproduction
The production of offspring through
the fusion of haploid gametes to
form a diploid zygote
Asexual
Reproduction
The production of offspring through
without the formation of gametes

Binary Spore Budding Vegetative

fission formation reproduction
Regeneration
 Revision

• the male gametes, called sperm or

spermatozoa, are produced by
testes
• the female gametes, ova are
produced by the ovaries
• process of meiosis
• haploid gametes, genetically
different from the parental cells
The necessity for formation of gametes

MEIOSIS

Fertilisation
The necessity for formation of
gametes
 Objectives
• Describe formation of sperm in human
• Describe formation of ovum in human
• Compare the formation of sperm and
ovum
 The human male
reproductive system
• Refer text book, figure 4.4, p. 123
Male Organ Function
Epididymis The place where sperms
are stored and where
they mature
Vas Conveys sperms to the
deferens urethra
 The human male
reproductive system
• Refer text book, figure 4.4, p. 123
Male Organ Function
Prostate A sex gland that opens
gland into the urethra. It
provides nutrients and a
medium for sperms to
swim in
 The human male
reproductive system
• Refer text book, figure 4.4, p. 123
Male Organ Function
Seminal Produces mucus for the
vesicle semen to help in the
movement of sperm
Penis Sends the sperms into
the female reproductive
system
 The human male
reproductive system
• Refer text book, figure 4.4, p. 123
Male Organ Function
Sperm duct A tube which channels
sperms to the urethra
Testis The place where sperms
are produced
 1 2

6 Movement of 3
sperms
5 4
 The human male
reproductive
system
• This reduced
temperature is ideal
for the development
of healthy sperm
• Each testis has about
a thousand
seminiferous tubules
 Sperm formation in
humans
• Spermatogenesis, the formation of
sperm, occurs in the seminiferous
tubules
 Sperm formation in
humans
• The seminiferous tubules are lined by
germinal epithelial cells

13.2 (a)
 Sperm formation in humans
(spermatogenesis)
tubul semen Divides many times -
mitosis
Germinal Spermatogonia (2n)
epithelial Undergoes Growth
cell Primary spermatocytes (2n)
(2n)
Meiosis I
Secondary spermatocytes (n)
Meiosis II
Spermatids (n) differentiation
Sperms (n)
 Ovary &
Formation Ovum

Female Function
reproductive
organ
Ovary Production of ovum
and sex hormone
 Ovary &
Formation Ovum

Female Function
reproductive
organ
Fallopian tube Site of fertilisation:
carries ovum from
ovary to uterus
 Ovary &
Formation Ovum

Female Function
reproductive organ
Uterus Site of implantation:
chamber in which
the embryo develops
 Ovary &
Formation Ovum

Female Function
reproductive
organ
Cervix Secretion of
mucus that
facilitates sperm
movement
 Ovary &
Formation Ovum

Female Function
reproductive
organ
Vagina Receives sperms from
the penis
• When a baby is born, the two ovaries,
with about two million primary follicles
in each, remain dormant until puberty
 Formation of ovum
At ovary, Foetus (Oogenesis)
Germinal mitosis
Oogonium (2n)
epithelial cell (2n)
At ovary, birth
Growth
baby stage Primary oocyte (2n)
Puberty
Meiosis I
1 Secondary oocyte (n)
& 1 Polar Body (n)
Fertilisation
Meiosis II
1 Ovum (n) & 3 Polar Body (n)
Firgure 4.9, p 127
 Comparison between
Spermatogenesis and
Oogenesis
• Activity 4.1, Practical Book, p.61
both processes occur in the the germinal epithelial cells are
reproductive organs found in the reproductive organs
the germinal epithelial cells are to produce haploid cells
diploid
the germinal epithelial cell to produce many diploid
undergoes mitosis spermatogonia and oogonia
both processes involved growth preparation for meiosis
both processes undergo meiosis to produce four haploid cells
 Differences Spermatogenesis and
Oogenesis
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
Occur in testis Occur in ovary
Occur in male Occur in female
Involve differentiation/
differentiation Does not involves
specialisation process differentiation process/
specialisation process
Four sperms/ spermatids/ One ovum/ gamete (and
gametes are formed three polar bodies) are
formed
Life long process Stop at menopause