TESTING OF MATERIALS

1.Destructive Testing
2.Non destructive Testing

Destructive Testing: In destructive testing, tests are carried out to

the specimen’s failure in order to understand a specimens
structural performance or material behavior under different
loads/conditions.mainly used to measure properties of materials-
physical,chemical,corrosion etc..

Non Destructive testing: Nondestructive testing is a fundamental

and essential tool for control of quality of engineering materials,
manufacturing process, reliability of product in services and
maintenance of systems whose premature failures could be costly
or disastrous
 TYPES OF DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

 Tensile test
 Impact test
 Bend test
 Hardness test
 Fracture test
 Macro test
 Micro test
 Tensile Testing
Tensile testing is used to determine the following
 Yield strength-strength
 Ultimate tensile strength-strength
 Percentage elongation-ductility
 YS/UTS ratio-ductility related with safety factor
 Percentage reduction in area-ductility
 STANDARDS
 ASME/ASTM A 370-standard test methods & definition for
mechanical testing of steel products
 IS 1608-mechanical testing of metals(tensile testing)

 ASME/ASTM A770-Through thickness tension testing of steel plates

of special applications
 IS 1828-Verification of static uniaxial testing machines
Tension/compression testing machines -Verification and calibration
of the force-measuring system
 ASTM E4-standard practice for force verification of testing machines
 SAMPLING
ORIENTATION OF SAMPLE:
 Transverse-load applied across the grain fibre
 Longitudinal: load applied along the grain fibre
 Through thickness: load applied in Z direction of plate
 Radial
 Tangential
SPECIMEN SHAPE:
 Rectangle
 Square RECTANGULAR
 Round
 sub size

ROUNDED
 Tensile testing
Equipment:
• Ultimate tensile testing machine,
• Extensometer
Principle:
Axially straining a test piece by tensile force generally to fracture
for the purpose of determining mechanical properties like yield
strength, ultimate tensile strength,% elongation,YS/UTS ratio,%
reduction in area
Method of determining yield stress
 Yield point method
 0.2% offset method
 Drop of the beam or halt of the pointer method
 Autographic diagram method
 Total extension under load method
Gauge length:
 IS,EN follows 5D ,where D is diameter of specimen (or)
 5.65Ao for rectangular specimen
 5D= 5.65Ao
 American uses 4D or standard gauge length of 50mm or 200mm
 so % elongation obtained for 5D is not equal to 4D or 50mm or
200mm gauge length
 % elongation conversion table is available for each type of
materials i.e. carbon steel, alloy & non ferrous metals,
standards
 ISO 2566- Conversion of elongation values
 BS 3894- Method for converting elongation values for steel.
Carbon and low alloy steels
 IMPACT TESTING
• Impact testing is used to determine the toughness of
materials
• Evaluated by measuring /accessing the below parameters at
certain temperature.
 Observed energy
 Lateral expansion
 % of ductile fracture appearance
 Displacement for propagation of known fracture
METHODS
• Charpy test
• Izod test
• Drop weight tear test
• Crack tip opening displacement test
 STANDARDS

 ASME/ASTM A 370-standard test methods & definition for

mechanical testing of steel products
 ASTM E1290-test method for crack tip opening displacement
(CTOD)fracture toughness measurement
• IS 1757 PART2-Metallic materials Charpy pendulum impact test:
Verification of testing machines
 ASTM E23-test method for notched bar impact testing of
metallic materials
 API RP 5L3-Recommended Practice for Conducting Drop-Weight
Tear Tests on Line Pipe
 SAMPLING
ORIENTATION OF SAMPLE:
Transverse
Longitudinal
Tangential
Radial
Sample size: Charpy/izod
Normal:10x10x55[+0,-2.5](mm)
Sub size:(2.5/3.3/5/6.7/7.5)mmx10x55mm
Angle of notch:45,+1 deg
Notch depth:2 ,+ 0.025mm
Centering of notch: +1 mm
notch size can be verified in calibrated profile projector with
standard diagram/drawing approved by ASTM (or) can be verified
by us if required
Number of specimen:
• A charpy impact test consists of all test specimens taken from
a single test coupon or test location
• When the specification calls for minimum average test
results,3 specimens shall be tested
• When the specification requires determination of transition
temperature,8 to 12 specimens are usually needed