Dept.

of Electrical & Computer Engineering

North South University

Lecture – 2
Power System Representation

Dr. Hafiz Abdur Rahman, P.Eng. SMIEEE

Professor
Electrical and Computer Engineering
North South University, Bangladesh

July 12, 2020

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Power System Components
 Every large-scale power system has three major
components:
 Generation: source of power, ideally with a specified
voltage and frequency
 Transmission system: transmits power; ideally as a
perfect conductor
 Load or demand: consumes power; ideally with a constant
resistive value

 Additional components include:

 Distribution system: local reticulation of power (may be in
place of transmission system in case of microgrid),
 Control equipment: coordinate supply with load.

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Power System Representation
Power system components are usually shown as “one-line diagrams.”

17.6 MW 16.0 MW
28.8 MVR -16.0 MVR

59.7 kV 40.0 kV

17.6 MW
16.0 MW
28.8 MVR
16.0 MVR

Arrows are
Generators are Transmission lines are shown used to
shown as circles as a single line show loads

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Phasor Representation

Euler's Identity: e j  cos   j sin  ,

Phasor notation is developed by rewriting

using Euler's identity:
v (t )  2 V cos(t  V ),
j (t V ) 
2 V Re 
v (t )   e .
(Note: V is the RMS voltage).

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Power System Synchronicity
 Property of Synchronicity
makes power system
operation time sensitive.
 If generator north pole at
Location A touch a reference
point at t=2:00 PM, then
generator north pole at
Location B has to touch the
same point within t=2:00 PM
± 4 ms to keep AC voltage at
60 Hz.
 φA-φB at most 300
 If out of sync, then huge
current will flow between
generators.

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Phasor Representation (Cont.)

The RMS, cosine-referenced voltage phasor is:

V  V e jV  V V ,
v (t )  Re 2 V e jt e jV ,
V  V cosV  j V sin V ,
I  I cos  I  j I sin  I .

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Complex Power
S  V I  cos(V   I )  j sin(V   I )  ,
 P  jQ,
 V I *,
P = Real Power (W, kW, MW),
Q = Reactive Power (VAR, kVAR, MVAR),
= magnitude of power into electric and magnetic fields,
S = Complex power (VA, kVA, MVA),
Power Factor (pf) = cos ,
If current leads voltage then pf is leading,
If current lags voltage then pf is lagging.
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Per-Unit Method
Physical Quantity
 Per Unit Quantity =
Base Quantity

 E.g. Physical Quantity V = 145 volts

Base Quantity VB = 100 Volts
Per Unit Quantity V(p.u.) = V / VB = 1.45 p.u.

 Per Unit Method will work if basic circuit laws are

satisfied:
 KVL Kirchhoffs Voltage Law
 KCL Kirchhoff's Current Law
 Ohm’s Law

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Per-Unit Method (Cont.)
 Example 1:

V = Z*I
200 volts = 5Ω x 40 amps
Let, Vbase = 100 V
Ibase = 10 A
Zbase = 10 Ω

V p.u. = 200 volts / 100 volts = 2 p.u.

I p.u. = 40 amps / 10 amps = 4 p.u.
Z p.u. = 5 Ω / 10 Ω = 0.5 p.u.

Now,
V p.u. = Z p.u. x I p.u
2 = 0.5 x 4

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KVL in Per Unit
E1 – V1 – V2 – E2 = 0
V1 + V2 = E1 – E2
In general,
n m

V   E
i 1
i
j 1
j

Suppose we use Vbase for voltage drops and Ebase for emf’s.
Then,
Vi (volts ) E j (volts )
Vi ( pu )  ; E j ( pu ) 
Vbase Ebase

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KVL in Per Unit (cont.)
n m

V ( pu ) *V
i 1
i base   E j ( pu ) * Ebase
j 1

 If Vbase is the same for all voltage drops and Ebase is

the same for all emf’s then
Vbase = Ebase, we get
n m

 V ( pu )   E
i 1
i
j 1
j ( pu )

This is KVL in Per Unit

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KCL in Per Unit
I1K + I2K = IK3 + IK4

In general,
n l

I
j 1
jK   I Km
m 1

Suppose Ij base and Im base, then

I jK (amps )
I jK ( pu ) 
I j base
I Km (amps )
I Km ( pu ) 
I mbase

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KCL in Per Unit (cont.)
Then we can write the KCL as:
I jbase  I jk ( pu )  I mbase  I km ( pu )

If I jbase  I mbase

I jk ( pu )   I km ( pu )

This is KCL in Per Unit

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Ohm’s Law

Z (ohm)
V(volts) = Z(ohms) * I(amps) Z ( pu ) 
Z base
I base Vbase
V ( pu )  [ Z (ohm)]I ( pu ) Z base 
Vbase
I base
Vbase we choose to be any value. Ibase we choose to be any
value. But, Zbase is not arbitrary. I has to be Vbase/Ibase

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Power

S V *I *
S (VA)  V ( pu ) *Vbase * I ( pu ) * I base
*

S ( pu ) * Sbase  V ( pu ) * I * ( pu ) *Vbase * Ibase

Then we have:

S ( pu )  V ( pu ) * I * ( pu )
Sbase  Vbase * I base

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Base Conversion Formula

 Textbook G&S, Eq 1.56, Pg # 29

Z actual Sbase ( old )
Zpu (old )   Z actual 2 (1)
Z base ( old ) Vbase ( old )
Z actual Sbase ( new)
Zpu (new)   Z actual 2 (2)
Z base ( new) Vbase ( new )
Dividing Eq 2 ÷ Eq 1, we get:
2
 Vbase ( old )  Sbase ( new)
Zpu (new)  Z pu ( old ) 
 Vbase ( new)  Sbase( old )
(3)
 

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Any Question ?

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