Part1 where E is the generated emf in volts, P is the number of poles, Φ is the flux per pole in Weber, Z

is the total number of conductors, N is the speed of rotation in rpm, A is the number of parallel
1.a) To calculate the equivalent impedance, we can use the formula: paths in the armature winding.

Z = (Z1 * Z2) / (Z1 + Z2) For a wave wound dc shunt generator, A = 2, as there are two parallel paths in the armature
winding. Substituting the given values, we get:
where Z1 and Z2 are the impedances of the two parallel branches. Substituting the given values,
we get: E = (4 * 0.0156 * 294 * 1500) / (2 * 60) = 294 volts

Z = ((3+j4)*(2-j3)) / ((3+j4)+(2-j3)) = = (18 - 1j) / 5 = 3.6 - 0.2j ohms Part 3

1.c) In circuit analysis, mesh refers to a loop that has only one current flowing through it, while a Q6) The armature current (Ia) is equal to the load current (Il) divided by the voltage (V):
loop can have multiple currents flowing through it. Mesh analysis is a method of circuit analysis
where the circuit is divided into meshes, and the current flowing in each mesh is calculated using Ia = Il / V
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law. Loop analysis, on the other hand, involves writing and solving a system
of equations based on Kirchhoff's Voltage and Current Laws to determine the currents and The emf induced in the armature (Ea) can be calculated using the following formula:
voltages in the circuit.
Ea = P * Z * P / 60A
1.d) To convert three resistances connected in delta to an equivalent star configuration, we can
use the following formulas: where P is the number of poles (8 in this case), Z is the number of conductors (778 in this case),
and A is the number of parallel paths in the armature windings (assumed to be 1 in this case).
Rab = (R1R2 + R2R3 + R3R1) / Rtotal , Rbc = (R1R2 + R2R3 + R3R1) / Rtotal , Rca = (R1R2 + R2R3 +
R3R1) / Rtotal , Rstar = Rtotal / 3 The flux per pole (Φ) can be calculated using the following formula:Φ = Ea / (2πfNp)

where R1, R2, and R3 are the resistances in the delta configuration, Rtotal is the sum of the three where f is the frequency (assumed to be zero for a dc generator), Np is the number of parallel
resistances. Substituting the given values, we get: paths in the armature windings (assumed to be 1 in this case).

Rab = Rbc = Rca = (66 + 66 + 66) / 18 , Rab = Rbc = Rca = 12 ohms , Rstar = 18 / 3 First, we need to calculate the load current:

Rstar = 6 ohms Il = P / V = 12.50 / 250 = 0.05 A

1.e) The real power in an AC circuit can be calculated using the formula: Next, we can calculate the emf induced in the armature:

P = Vrms * Irms * cos(θ) Ea = P * Z * P / 60A = 8 * 778 * 500 / (60 * 1) = 25933.33 V

where Vrms and Irms are the RMS values of voltage and current, and θ is the phase angle Then, we can calculate the armature current:
between them. Substituting the given values, we get:
Ia = Il / V = 0.05 / 250 = 0.0002 A
P = 2 * 10 * cos(-30) = 17.32 W
Finally, we can calculate the flux per pole:
1.f) For a balanced three-phase delta-connected load, the phase voltage (Vph) and line voltage
(Vline) are related by the formula: Φ = Ea / (2πfNp) = 25933.33 / (2π * 0 * 1) = 0

Vline = √3 * Vph Note that the frequency is assumed to be zero for a dc generator, and the number of parallel
paths in the armature windings is assumed to be 1. Also, the units for flux per pole are webers
Similarly, the phase current (Iph) and line current (Iline) are related by the formula: (Wb).

Iline = √3 * Iph
1.g) Magnetic hysteresis is the tendency of a magnetic material to retain some of its
magnetization even after the magnetic field is removed. The hysteresis loss is given by the
formula:
Ph = Bmax^1.6 * f * V * kh
where Bmax is the maximum flux density, f is the frequency of the magnetic field, V is the volume
of the magnetic material, and kh is the hysteresis constant.
Q5)The working principle of a transformer is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic
induction. A transformer consists of two coils, a primary coil and a secondary coil, wound on a
common magnetic core. When an AC voltage is applied to the primary coil, it creates a changing
magnetic field around it. This changing magnetic field induces an emf in the secondary coil,
according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. The emf induced in the secondary coil is
proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linking the coil. If the two coils have a
different number of turns, the induced voltage in the secondary coil will be different from the
applied voltage in the primary coil, based on the turns ratio of the transformer.
The phasor diagram of an ideal transformer under no-load condition is shown below:

1.h) The frequency of the emf induced in the LV side of a transformer is given by the formula: I1 I2

fLV = fHV * N1 / N2 |------------------------||------------------------|

where fHV is the frequency of the supply to the HV side, N1 is the number of turns in the HV | | || | |
winding, and N2 is the number of turns in the LV winding. Substituting the given values, we get:
| | || | |
fLV = 50 * 110 / 220 , fLV = 25 Hz
V1 | | || | | V2
1.i) The synchronous speed of an induction motor can be calculated using the following formula:
------ | || | -------
Ns = 120 * f / p
| | || | |
where Ns is the synchronous speed in rpm, f is the frequency of the power supply in Hz, and p is
the number of poles. | | || | |

Substituting the given values, we get: |------------------------||------------------------|

Ns = 120 * 50 / 4 , Ns = 1500 rpm Φ Φ

The actual speed of the motor is given as 1460 rpm. The slip can be calculated using the formula: In an ideal transformer, the primary and secondary coils have zero resistance and the magnetic
core has infinite permeability. Therefore, the primary and secondary currents are in phase with
s = (Ns - N) / Ns their respective voltages, and the transformer does not consume any power when there is no
load connected to the secondary. The phasor diagram shows that the primary and secondary
where s is the slip, N is the actual speed of the motor. currents are in phase with their respective voltages, and the voltage and current ratios are given
by: V2/V1 = N2/N1
Substituting the given values, we get:
I1/I2 = N2/N1
s = (1500 - 1460) / 1500 ,s = 0.0267 or 2.67%
where V1 and V2 are the applied and induced voltages, I1 and I2 are the primary and secondary
Therefore, the slip of the given 3 phase, 50Hz, 4 pole induction motor running at full load and currents, N1 and N2 are the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils, and Φ is the
1460 rpm is 2.67%. magnetic flux linking both coils.

1.j) What is emf generated in a 4 pole, wave wound dc shunt generator having 294 conductors
rotating at 1500 rpm & flux per pole is 0.0156 wb?

The emf generated in a dc generator can be calculated using the following formula:

E = (P * Φ * Z * N) / (A * 60)
Part 2
2a)Independent energy sources are those that can maintain a fixed voltage or current level,
regardless of the circuit's load. Examples of independent sources include batteries and
generators.
Dependent energy sources, on the other hand, are those whose output is dependent on the input
or output of other circuit elements. Dependent sources are classified into four types:
Voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS): The voltage across this source is dependent on the
voltage across another element in the circuit.
Current-controlled voltage source (CCVS): The voltage across this source is dependent on the
current through another element in the circuit.
Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS): The current through this source is dependent on the
voltage across another element in the circuit.
Current-controlled current source (CCCS): The current through this source is dependent on the
current through another element in the circuit.
2b)To determine the current in the 40 ohm resistor of the circuit shown in the figure using
Thevenin's theorem, we need to follow these steps:
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit to the left of the 40 ohm resistor.
Replace the Thevenin equivalent circuit with its Thevenin voltage source and Thevenin resistance.
Find the current in the 40 ohm resistor using Ohm's law.
To find the Thevenin equivalent circuit, we need to calculate the Thevenin voltage and resistance.
The Thevenin voltage is the open-circuit voltage across terminals A and B. To find this voltage, we
can remove the 40 ohm resistor and solve for the voltage across terminals A and B using voltage
division.
Vth = 24V x (6 ohm) / (6 ohm + 12 ohm) = 8V
The Thevenin resistance is the equivalent resistance seen from terminals A and B with all the
sources turned off. To find this resistance, we can turn off the 24V voltage source and short-
circuit the 6 ohm resistor, as shown below.
Rth = 12 ohm || 4 ohm = 3 ohm
We can now replace the Thevenin equivalent circuit with its Thevenin voltage source and
resistance.
The current in the 40 ohm resistor is given by:
I = Vth / (Rth + R) = 8V / (3 ohm + 40 ohm) = 0.1875 A
Therefore, the current in the 40 ohm resistor is 0.1875 A.
Electrical circuit problem-solving.
2d) A circuit consists of a resistance R in series with a capacitive reactance of 60 Determine the
value of R for which the power factor of the circuit is 0.8. e) A resistance of 50 2 is connected in
series with a pure inductor of 250 mH. The circuit is connected to a 50Hz sinusoidal supply and
the voltage across the resistance is 150 V. Calculate the supply voltage.
2f) Two-wattmeter method was used to determine the input power to a three-pha motor. The
readings were 5.2 kW and -1.7 kW, and the line voltage was 415 Calculate (1) the total power (2)
the power factor and (3) the line current.
2g) Write the similarities & dissimilarities between electrical & magnetic circuit.
d) The power factor of a circuit is given by the ratio of the real power (P) to the apparent power
(S). In this case, the apparent power is equal to the voltage (V) divided by the impedance (Z) of
the circuit. The impedance is given by the square root of the sum of the resistance squared plus
the capacitive reactance squared.
So we have:cos(phi) = P/S
S = V/Z , Z = sqrt(R^2 + Xc^2)
Substituting and simplifying, we get:
cos(phi) = R / sqrt(R^2 + Xc^2)
We are given Xc = 60, and we know that cos(phi) = 0.8. Therefore:0.8 = R / sqrt(R^2 + 60^2)
Squaring both sides and simplifying, we get:R = 24 Ohms
Therefore, a resistance of 24 Ohms in series with a capacitive reactance of 60 Ohms will give a
power factor of 0.8.
e) The impedance of a circuit with a resistance (R) and an inductive reactance (Xl) in series is given
by the square root of the sum of the resistance squared plus the inductive reactance squared. So
we have:
Z = sqrt(R^2 + Xl^2)
The voltage across the resistance (Vr) is related to the supply voltage (Vs) by the voltage divider
formula:
Vr = Vs * R / Z
We are given R = 50 Ohms, Xl = 2pi50*250e-3 = 78.54 Ohms, and Vr = 150V. Therefore:Z =
sqrt(R^2 + Xl^2) = 80.06 Ohms
Vs = Vr * Z / R = 150 * 80.06 / 50 = 240.48 V
Therefore, the supply voltage is 240.48 V.
f) The total power in a three-phase circuit is given by:Ptotal = 3 * Vline * Iline * cos(phi)
where Vline is the line voltage, Iline is the line current, and cos(phi) is the power factor.
The two-wattmeter method involves using two wattmeters to measure the power in a three-
phase circuit. The wattmeters are connected in two of the three phases, and the readings are
added together to give the total power.
In this case, the readings were 5.2 kW and -1.7 kW. The negative reading indicates that the phase
angle between the voltage and current in that phase is greater than 90 degrees.
Adding the readings together, we get:Ptotal = 5.2 kW - 1.7 kW = 3.5 kW
The line voltage is given as 415 V. The power factor can be calculated from the two wattmeter
readings as:cos(phi) = (P1 - P2) / (3 * Vline * Iline)
Substituting the given values, we get:cos(phi) = (5.2 kW - (-1.7 kW)) / (3 * 415 V * Iline) = 2.5 / (3 *
415 V * Iline)
Simplifying, we get:cos(phi) = 0.0024 / Iline
Therefore, the power factor depends on the line current. We can use the two wattmeter readings
to calculate the magnitude of the line current:
P1 = 3 * Vline * Iline * cos(phi1) , P2 = 3 * Vline * Iline * cos(phi2)
Substituting the given values, we get:
5.2 kW = 3 * 415 V * Iline * cos(phi1) , -1.7 kW = 3 * 415 V * Iline * cos(phi2)
Dividing the two equations, we get: cos(phi1) / cos(phi2) = -1.7 / 5.2
Using the identity cos(-phi) = cos(phi), we can assume without loss of generality that cos(phi1) is
positive. Then:
cos(phi1) = 5.2 / (5.2 + 1.7) = 0.754 , cos(phi2) = -1.7 / (5.2 + 1.7) = -0.246
Substituting into the equation for the power factor, we get:0.754 = 0.0024 / Iline
Therefore:Iline = 3 * 415 V * 0.0024 / 0.754 = 37.4 A
Therefore, the total power is 3.5 kW, the power factor is 0.754, and the line current is 37.4 A.
g) Similarities between electrical and magnetic circuits:
Both electrical and magnetic circuits involve the flow of energy through a medium (electricity or
magnetic field).
Both are described by similar mathematical equations (Ohm's law for electrical circuits, and
Ampere's law for magnetic circuits).
Both can be analyzed using similar circuit analysis techniques, such as Kirchhoff's laws and nodal
analysis.
Dissimilarities between electrical and magnetic circuits:
Electrical circuits involve the flow of electrical charge (electrons), while magnetic circuits involve
the flow of magnetic flux.
Electrical circuits are typically used for the transmission and control of electrical power, while
magnetic circuits are used for the storage and transfer of magnetic energy.
The properties of electrical circuits are mainly determined by the resistance, capacitance, and
inductance of the circuit components, while the properties of magnetic circuits are determined by
the permeability and geometry of the magnetic material.
j) A 3-phase, 4 pole induction motor is supplied from 3-phase, 50 Hz AC. The synchronous speed
of the motor is given by the formula:Ns = 120f / P
where Ns is the synchronous speed in revolutions per minute (RPM), f is the supply frequency in
Hertz (Hz), and P is the number of poles.
Substituting the given values, we get:Ns = 120 * 50 / 4 = 1500 RPM
Since the motor is an induction motor, the actual speed of the motor will be slightly less than the
synchronous speed due to slip. The slip is given by the formula:s = (Ns - N) / Ns
where s is the slip, N is the actual speed of the motor in RPM, and Ns is the synchronous speed in
RPM.
Assuming a typical slip of 3%, we get:s = 0.03 , N = Ns * (1 - s) = 1455 RPM
Therefore, the actual speed of the motor is 1455 RPM.