COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

B Ed Industrial Arts – Year 1, Semester 1, 2020

LECTURE 1, WEEK 7

WWT552 TIMBER TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING 1

Prepared by: Silivio Vueti (ALE, I/Arts)
Lecture 1 Week 7, Semester 1, 2020

04/06/2021 WWT552 TIMBER TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING 1 2

WWT552 TIMBER
TECHNOLOGY &
ENGINEERING 1

TIMBER DEFECTS
READINGS:
• Walton (2004) Woodwork in Theory and
Practice-The Australian Publishing Company Ltd-
Pg 217-246
 VALUE FOR WEEK 7
• CONSIDERATION
• Definition: the act of
thinking carefully about
something you will
make a decision about.
• Synonym
o Caring,
o Compassion
• Antonym
o Selfishness.
 ABSENCE RATE: S1, 2020
WWT552 - Absence Rate GRD551 - Absence Rate (%)
30 30

25 24 2524
22
21
20
20 19 19
20
18
16 16
15
13 15
12
10 10

5 5

0 0
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6
 ATTENDANCE UPDATE: S1, 2020
WWT552 ATTENDANCE ANALYSIS (%)

84

66 67
62
59
59

39 45
42
38 37

21

6
0 0 0 0 3
<100
100
<75

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6

 TUTORIAL SUBMISSION
WWT552 Tutorial Submission (%) KEY:
NSM – No Submission
SM - Submitted
80 73 73 71 71
70 63
60

50
37
40
27 27 29 29
30

20

10

0
Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6

NSM SM
 QUALITY SUBMISSION
WWT552 TUTORIAL Submissions (No.) WWT552 TUTORIAL Submissions (No.)
40 38 35
31
35 30

30 25
25

25 23
22 20
18
20
15
15
11
10
9 10
10 8
7
5 5
5
2
0 0 0
0 0
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
 COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
B Ed Industrial Arts – Year 1, Semester 1, 2020

2020 ENROLMENT ANALYSIS

• COMMITMENT ANALYSIS

58
60

50
38
40

30

20

10 4

0
100% 75%-99% Below 75%

GRD551 TECHNICAL DRAWING & AUTOCAD TECHNOLOGY 1 04/06/2021 10

CONTENTS:

1. Definitions

2. Classification of defects
 DEFINE DEFECTS IN TIMBER:
A defect is an irregularity
or abnormality occurring
in or on wood which is
responsible for its:
• Strength reduction
• Lowering of durability
• Lowering of utility (usefulness)
• Poor appearance
• Decay
CLASSIFICATION OF DEFECTS:

CAUSED DUE TO

1. Natural Forces 2. Insects 3. Fungi 4. Conversion 5. Seasoning

 CLASSIFICATION OF DEFECTS:
Chemical Stain

Knots

1. Shakes

Natural Twisted Fibres

Forces
Rind Galls

Upsets
KNOTS:
• These are the bases of branches or
limbs which are broken or cut off from
the tree.
• The portion from which the branch is
removed receives nourishment from
the stem from a very long time and
ultimately results in formation of
dark, hard rings which are known as
knots.
• As continuity of wood fibres are
broken by knots, they form a source
of weakness.
SHAKES:
• These are longitudinal
separation in woods between
the annual rings.
• These are cracks which partly or
completely separate fibres of
wood.
• The separation makes the wood
undesirable when appearance is
important.
SHAKES:
• Star Shakes
• The crack starts from the outer
bark and extends towards the pith
in the direction if the medullary
rays.
SHAKES:
• Ring Shakes • Cup Shakes
• When the Cup shake covers the
entire wood cross-section, they
are known as Ring Shakes.
SHAKES:
• Heart Shakes:
• These cracks occurs in the center
of the cross-section of the log and
they extend from pith to sapwood
in the direction of the medullary
rays.
• These cracks occur due to the
shrinkage of the interior part of
the tree which is approaching
maturity.
• The heart shake divides the cross
section into two or four parts.
TIMBER DEFECTS
• Twisted Fibers
• These are known as wondering
hearts and caused by twisting
young trees by fast blowing winds.
• The timber with twisted fibers is
unsuitable for sawing.
TIMBER DEFECTS
• Upsets
• .These indicate wood fibres which
are injured by crushing or
compression.
• The upsets are mainly due
improper felling of trees and
exposure of trees in its young age
by fast blowing winds.
TIMBER DEFECTS
• Burls
• They are particularly formed when
a tree receive shock or injury in its
young age.
• Due to its injury the growth of the
young tree is completely upset
and irregular projections appear
on the body of the tree.
 CLASSIFICATION OF DEFECTS:
Blue Stain

Brown Rot

2. Dry Rot

Defects Heart Rot

due to
Wet Rot
Fungi
White Rot
DEFECTS DUE TO FUNGI:
• Blue Stain
• The sap of the wood is bluish in
color by the act of certain types of
fungi.
DEFECTS DUE TO FUNGI:
• Brown Rot
• The term rot is used to indicate
decay or disease of timber. The
fungi of certain type removes
cellulose compunds from wood
and hence wood assumes the
brown color.
DEFECTS DUE TO FUNGI:
• White Rot
• It is just opposite of brown rot. In
this certain type of fungi attack,
lignin of wood and wood assumes
the white mass consisting of
cellulose compounds.
DEFECTS DUE TO FUNGI:
• Heart Rot
• This formed when branch has
come out of the tree. In such case
the heartwood is exposed to
attack of atmospheric agents.
• Ultimately the tree becomes weak
and it hollow sound when struck
with hammer.
DEFECTS DUE TO FUNGI:
• Wet Rot
• Some kind of fungi cause chemical
decomposition of wood of timber and in
doing so convert timber into greyish brown
powder. This is known as wet rot.
• Some important points to remember about
wet rot are:
• The alternate wet rot conditions favors the
conditions for wet rot.
• If unseasoned or improperly seasoned timber
are exposed to rain and wind, they become
easily liable of attack of wet rot.
• To prevent wet rot, the well seasoned timber
should be used for exterior work and it should
be covered by tar or paint for protection against
moisture.
DEFECTS DUE TO FUNGI:
• Dry Rot
• Some types of fungi feed on wood
and during feeding and during
feeding they attack on wood and
convert it into dry powder form.
• This known as dry rot.
• Dry rot occurs at places where
there is no free circulation of air as
improperly ventilated basements,
rooms, etc.
• Dry rot may be prevented by using
well seasoned timber free from sap
 CLASSIFICATION OF DEFECTS:
Beetles
3.
Defects
due to Marine Borers

Insects.
Termites
DEFECTS DUE TO INSECTS:
• Defects caused by beetles:
• They form pin holes of size about 2mm diameter in wood.
• Tunnel formation is done in sapwood by larvae of beetle.
• Conversion of timber into flour like powder.
• They do not disturb the outer shell or cover.
DEFECTS DUE TO INSECTS:
• Defects caused by Marine Borers:
• They are found in salt water.
• They form tunnels or bores to take shelters.
• The diameter and lengths of holes are as high as 25mm and 60mm
respectively.
• Affected wood looses its color and strength.
• NO TIMBER IS COMPLETELY IMMUNED FROM ATTACK OF MARINE BORERS.
DEFECTS DUE TO INSECTS:
• Defects caused by Termites:
• Lives in colony and very fast in eating away wood from core of cross section.
• Makes tunnel in different directions and usually not disturb the outer shell or
cover.
• The timber piece attacked by termites may look sound until it fails.
• Few good timbers like Damanu, Vesi, Buabua, etc., can resist the attack of
termites.
 CLASSIFICATION OF DEFECTS:
Chip Mark

Diagonal Grain
4. Defects
due to
Torn Grain
Conversion

Wane
DEFECTS DUE TO CONVERSION:
• Chip mark
• This defect is indicated by marks
or signs on finish surface of timber.
• They may be formed by planning
machine.
DEFECTS DUE TO CONVERSION:
• Wane or Waney Edge
• This defect is noted by presence of
original rounded surface on
manufactured part of timber.
DEFECTS DUE TO CONVERSION:
• Diagonal Grain
• This defect is formed due to
improper sawing of timber.
• It is indicated by diagonal marks
on straight grained surface of
timber.
DEFECTS DUE TO CONVERSION:
• Torn Grain
• Defect caused when a small
depression is formed on a finished
surface by falling a timber or so.
 CLASSIFICATION OF DEFECTS:
Twist

Cup

5. Defects Bow
due to
Seasoning Spring

Split

Honeycombe
DEFECTS DUE TO SEASONING:
• Bow
• This defect is indicated by
curvature formed in the direction
of length of timber.
DEFECTS DUE TO SEASONING:
• Cup
• This defect is indicated by
curvature formed in the transverse
direction of timber.
DEFECTS DUE TO SEASONING:
• Twist
• When a piece of timber has
spirally distorted along its length,
it is known as a twist.
DEFECTS DUE TO SEASONING:
• Check
• A crack which separates fiber of
wood. It does not extend from one
end to the other.
DEFECTS DUE TO SEASONING:
• Split
• When check extends from one end
to the other it is known as a split.
DEFECTS DUE TO SEASONING:
• Honeycomb
• During stress developed during
drying, various radial and circular
cracks develop in the interior
portion of the timber which
resembles the honeycomb
texture.
CONCLUSION:
1. Timber defects in fact lowers the usefulness of the wood due to unethical practices in
ensuring converted timber is well looked after.

2. The FIVE major areas that can lower the effectiveness and usefulness of timber.

• Natural Forces
• Fungi
• Insects
• Conversion
• Seasoning

3. Appreciate the presence of this important engineering material and to ensure that
strategies are in place to maintain their natural qualities and to avoid all the adverse
effects discussed in this lecture.
THANK YOU!!!