WWT552S TIMBER

TECHNOLOGY 1
FINISHES AND FINISHING
 COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
B Ed Industrial Arts – Year 1, Semester 1, 2020

LECTURE WEEK 10
FINISHES AND FINISHINGS

WWT552 TIMBER TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING 1

Prepared by: Silivio Vueti (ALE, I/Arts)
Lecture Week 10, Semester 1, 2020

WWT552 TIMBER TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING 1 04/06/2021 2

READINGS:
• Walton, John, A., Woodwork in Theory and
Practice, Pages 254-267
WEEK 9 TUTORIAL SUBMISSION ANALYSIS
• 46% of the students submitted Week 9 Tutorial Submission Analysis
the Week 9 Tutorial activities.
• The rest of the students are to
inform us about your status
during this time when we are SM
observing the restrictions as a NSM 46%
54%
result of CORVID 19 pandemic.

SM NSM
 JOINT WRITE-UP SUBMISSION ANALYSIS
• 40% of the students submitted the Cross Joint Write-up
halving joint write-up.
• The rest of the students are to inform us
about your status during this time when
we are observing the restrictions as a
result of CORVID 19 pandemic. SM
40%
• Discussion were not thorough when
compared to the practical experiences NSM
shared during the workshop sessions. 60%
• You will be assessed on how aggressive
you address the task.
• This will be combined with the joint
already constructed to give a final grading SM NSM

of 20%.
FINISHES - DEFINITION

FINISHING is a term applied

to the process of coating or
polishing that gives the wood
its final appearance.
FINISHES - DEFINITION
There are certain types of finishes applied to woodwork and other materials.

Points to consider when selecting finishing material to use:

1. Type of material to be finished.

2. The uses of the article (External or Internal).

3. Degree of gloss or luster required.

4. Method of application.

5. Durability (Ability to resist the elements)

REASONS FOR APPLYING FINISHES
1. FOR
PROTECT Finishes such as paints,
ION OF
THE varnishes and enamels forms
WOOD a protective coating against
SURFACE
S dirt, moisture, abrasion and
some chemicals.
REASONS FOR APPLYING FINISHES
2. FOR To beautify the appearance of the work.
DECORA
TIVE
PURPOSE The type of finish applied depends largely on the timber
S used and the use of the article.

A selection on the use of opaque or transparent finishes

to maximize the aesthetic appearance of the piece of
timber.
REASONS FOR APPLYING FINISHES
3. FOR Timber surfaces that are covered or protected with a smooth
film are easier to clean and keep free of dust, dirt, stains, etc.,
HYGIE than those left “in the white”, i.e., uncoated with polish or paint.

NIC
NOTE:
REASO (i) Timber should be free of dust, wax, or oil before any finishing
NS material is applied.

(ii) New wood should be dried to less than 15% MC before

applying finishing coats.
(iii) Cleanliness is vital for all finishing processes.
 CLASSIFICATION OF FINISHES
FINISHES 1. By EVAPORATION of the solvent.
Clear Finishes
MAY BE Pigmented Finishes
CLASSIFIE
2. By OXIDATION.
D Clear Finishes
ACCORDI Pigmented Oil
NG TO 3. Curing by CHEMICAL REACTION.
THEIR Clear and Pigmented Finishes
MECHANI
SMS OF 4. Setting by CRYSTALLIZATION.
DRYING. Cement Paints and Lime wash
THE MAIN CONSTITUENTS OF FINISHING MATERIALS
1.PIGME These are insoluble substances added to liquid vehicles to
produce opaque finishing coatings.
NTS
They are finely grounded white or colored powders
obtained from natural materials or synthetically produced.

Pigments provide colour, covering power and durability in

the coating; some provide adhesion for successive coats.

Used for fillers, primers, paints and enamels

THE MAIN CONSTITUENTS OF FINISHIMG MATERIALS
2. This is the liquid part of the finishing material which enables it to be
VEHICLES, applied as a coating film.
BINDERS
OR Vehicles usually contain volatile and non-volatile liquids.
MEDIUM.

The non-volatile portion forms the finishing film after the volatile
liquid which thin the materials to a brushing or spraying consistency,
have evaporated.

In opaque finishes the non-volatile carries the particles of pigments

and binds them together to the surface as it dries to form a decorative,
protective coating.
EXAMPLES OF VEHICLES
TYPE OF FINISH
Oil Paints (Pigmented)
Water Paints (Pigmented)
Varnishes (Spirit varnish -
Clear)
Varnishes (Oil and
Synthetic – Clear, Stained
or pigmented enamels)
NON-VOLATILE (Film Volatile (Solvent/Thinner)
forming)
Drying Oils, Driers Turpentine
Casein and lime or glue Water thinner – not a
solution solvent
Shellac (natural resin) Methylated spirits solvent
Natural or synthetic resins Turpentine or special
plus drying oils and driers. solvent thinners
OTHER ADDITIVES
1. PLASTICISERS - These are substances added to varnishes, enamels and cellulose
lacquers to impart good flowing leveling, and adhesive characteristics to the
mixture and to increase the elasticity and the flexibility of the surface coating.
2. RETARDERS – are substances added to some finishing materials to reduce the
rate of evaporation of highly volatile solvents so that the solution or mixture is
rendered more stable for easy application.
3. FLATTING AGENTS – These are special additives, such as waxes or fine silica
which reduce the gloss of the film to produce flat or semi-gloss finishes.

4. CATALYSTS or HARDENERS – These are added to liquid plastic finishing materials

to initiate and accelerate the curing or hardening of the resins..
CLEAR AND TRANSPARENT FINISHES FOR WOODWORK -
PREPARATION
A. SURFACE (i) Wood surface to be perfectly smooth and free from oil, wax
PREPARATIO and blemishes before any form of finishing material is applied.
N These prevents penetration of the clear finishing material.

(ii) Small defects such as plane, gauge, marking knife and cross
grain sanding marks tend to be magnified under clear finishes.

(iii) Use smoothing plane, medium glass paper or scrapper to

removes these defects.
CLEAR AND TRANSPARENT FINISHES FOR WOODWORK

A. SURFACE Sand with the grain using No. 80 or 100 glass paper on a
PREPARATIO cork sanding block.
N

Raise the grain – damping the surface to swell the fibres

and allow to dry then rub with No.150 glass paper.

Stopping or Patching – this is the filling of holes, cracks, and

minor imperfections with a suitable compound colored to
match the wood or stain if the job is to be stained and
filled.
CLEAR AND TRANSPARENT FINISHES FOR WOODWORK

B. SURFACE
TREATMENT 1. BLEACHING – changing the color of the
timber and also makes the ‘white wash’ look
much easier to get, as well as getting a
different look with colored stains.

Used to help stain ‘take up’ when coloring

timber to a different shade.
CLEAR AND TRANSPARENT FINISHES FOR WOODWORK

B. SURFACE
TREATMENT 2. STAINING – stain is a process used
to uniformly color discolored timber.

It converts a cheap looking timber to a

more colorful and expensive outlook.
 SUMMARY
1. This is the process that gives the wood its final appearance.

2. Different types of finishes responds to different types of materials.

3. The use of the finishing material whether exterior or interior.

4. The reasons for applying finishes: Protection of material surfaces, for decorative reasons and
hygienic.
5. Classification of finishes – the mechanism of drying.

6. The constituents of finishing materials.

7. Surface preparation.
THANK YOU!