Academic Writing

USING OUTSIDE SOURCES

Group 4 : PBI 4B
Aisyah Salmaa (191102011284)
Bima Alfares (191102011235)
Firda Agustin (171101011034)
Muhammad Haikal Algaesani Kamaludin (191102011223)
In writing, we use outside sources to support our ideas.
Outside sources are materials we refer to other than our own
knowledge and experiences. It can include information we gain
from reliable online websites, books, or other print materials
such as newspapers or interviews. There are three ways to
insert outside information into our writings :
Quoting, Paraphrasing, or Summarizing.

But before that, there are many things we need to know

before using and citing sources.
1. Plagiarism 2. Correct citations
When you use information from an The purposes of a citation are to
outside source without avoid plagiarism and to refer our
acknowledging that source, you are readers to the source of
information. There are a number of
guilty of plagiarism. Plagiarism is
different ways of citing information.
using someone else’s words or ideas
as if they were your own, and it is a
serious offense. To avoid plagiarism,
we should always put quotation
marks around words that we copy
exactly. However, we must cite the
source whether we copy the words
exactly or state an idea in our own
words.
1. Insert a short reference in parentheses at the end of each piece of borrowed
information. This is called in-text citations.

For example:
Water is a necessary part of every person’s diet and of all the nutrients a body
needs to function, it requires more water each day than any other nutrient
(Whitney & Rolfes, 2011).
 
If we want to include a quotation in our writing that we found on someone else’s
work or we say it a secondary source, indicate the source of that quotation.
For example:
 
Fawcett (as cited in Polit & Beck, 2008) outlined the four main concepts…
 
Above are some of the examples of how we write in-text citations using APA
style. We write the author/s last name followed by the year of publication inside
the parentheses.
2. Prepare a list describing all our sources completely. This list is titled “Works
Cited”. In APA style, it is called “References” or “Reference List”. If readers want
more information about our sources, they can turn to the works-cited or the
reference list.
For example :

Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2008). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence
for nursing practice (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer
Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Whitney, E., & Rolfes, S. (2011). Understanding nutrition (12th ed.). Australia:
Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

These entries tell us the authors’ names, the year of publication, the full title of the
book, the edition number, the place of publication, and the publisher’s name. The
reference list is arranged in alphabetical order of the authors’ last names.
Crooks, C., Ameratunga, R., Brewerton, M., Torok, M., Buetow, S.,
Brothers, S., … Jorgensen, P. (2010). Adverse reactions to food in New
Zealand children aged 0-5 years. New Zealand Medical Journal,
123(1327). Retrieved from http
://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/123-1327/4469/

Gabbett, T., Jenkins, D., & Abernethy, B. (2010). Physical collisions and
injury during professional rugby league skills training. Journal of
Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(6), 578-583.
doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2010.03.007

Above are the examples of the entries from online serial/journal articles. They
tell us the title of the article, the title of the serial/journal, the volume number,
the issue number, the page numbers, and the homepage URL or the digital
object identifiers (DOI) if any.
 QUOTATIONS
There are two different types of quotation: direct and indirect. When using a direct
quotation, we copy another person’s exact words (written or spoken) and enclose them in
quotation marks. In an indirect quotation, another person’s words are reported indirectly
without using quotation marks. Indirect quotations are sometimes called reported
speech.
To introduce borrowed information from someone else’s work, we use reporting verbs
(such as comment, assert, insist, note, state, claim, maintain, report, suggest, declare,
mention, say, or write) and phrases (such as according to).
There are some rules for using reporting verbs and phrases:
Reporting verbs can appear before, in the middle of, or after a quotation.
The reporting phrase according to usually appears at the beginning or end of a sentence.
Use according to with a reporting verb only when two separate people are saying two
separate things.
Reporting verbs can be used either with or without the subordinator as.
Reporting verbs can be in any tense.
 There are general rules for punctuating direct quotations.

Rules Examples

Put quotation marks around information that “Cultural safety is based on attitudes which are difficult
you copy word-for-word from a source. to measure. It needs to be considered alongside other
equally important safety requirements such as clinical,
ethical, legal and physical safety” (Wepa, 2005, p. 25).

Normally, place commas (and periods) before “Cultural safety is based on attitudes which are difficult
the first mark and also before the second to measure. It needs to be considered alongside other
mark in a pair of quotation marks. equally important safety requirements such as clinical,
ethical, legal and physical safety,” according to Wepa
(2005, p. 25).

When quoting a complete sentence, According to Wepa, “Cultural safety is based on

capitalize the first word of the quotation as attitudes which are difficult to measure. It needs to be
well as the first word of your sentence. considered alongside other equally important safety
requirements such as clinical, ethical, legal and
physical safety” (2005, p. 25).
We can change direct quotations to
indirect quotations by:
▪ Omitting the quotation marks
▪ Adding the subordinator that
▪ Change the verb tense if necessary
▪ Change pronouns (and time
expressions if necessary) to keep the
sense of the original.
Examples:
▪ Direct: Susan said, “The exam is at eight o’clock.”
▪ Indirect: Susan said (that) the exam was at eight
o’clock.
▪ Direct: The teacher said, “You must finish the test
right now.”
▪ Indirect: The teacher said (that) we had to finish the
test right then.
▪ Direct: He said, “Water boils at a lower temperature
in the mountains.”
▪ Indirect: He said that water boils at a lower
temperature in the mountains.
PARAPHRASING

Paraphrasing means you rewrite information from an outside source in your

own words without changing the meaning. A paraphrase may be slightly
shorter and more concise than the original, but it is almost as long as the
original.
Example :
Original passage
1 Language is the main means of
communication between peoples. 2 But
so many different languages have
developed that language has often been
a barrier rather than an aid to
understanding among peoples. 3 For
many years, people have dreamed of
setting up an international universal
language which all people could speak
and understand. 4 The arguments in
favor of a universal language are simple
and obvious. 5 If all peoples spoke the
same tongue, cultural and economic ties
might be much closer, and good will
might increase between countries
(Kispert).
Kispert, Robert J. “Universal
Language.”
Paraphrase
1 Humans communicate through
language. 2 Because there are so many
different languages, however, people
around the world have a difficult time
understanding one another. 3 Some
people have wished for a universal
international language that speakers all
over the world could understand. 4 Their
reasons are straightforward and clear. 5
A universal language would build
cultural and economic bonds. 6 It would
also create better feelings among
countries (Kispert).
There are two kinds of plagiarism that we need to consider when paraphrasing.
We will be guilty of plagiarism, if:

1. We use information from an outside source without citing the source.

2. We cite our source but the paraphrase is too similar to the original.

We need to make sure that we fully understand the original passage to paraphrase
correctly. Here is the method to write a good paraphrase:

1. Read the original passage several times until you fully understand it. Underline the key
words. Look up unfamiliar words and find synonyms for them.
2. Take notes while you read in only a few words for each idea.
3. Make a brief outline.
4. Write your paraphrase from your notes without looking at the original passage.
5. Check your paraphrase to make sure that you haven’t copied the vocabulary or sentence
structure from the original too closely, and that you haven’t changed the meaning of the
original or given any wrong information.
6. Add in-text citations, also a works-cited or a reference list if appropriate.
SUMMARIZING

The difference between a paraphrase and a summary is that a paraphrase is

when you retell a story that someone has told you and you repeat the story in
your own words about the same length as the original and includes many of the
details; meanwhile, a summary is when you shorten the story by retelling only
the most important points and leaving out the details.

People communicate through language; however, having different languages

creates communication barriers. A universal language could bring countries
together culturally and economically as well as increase good feelings among
them (Kispert).
There are some strategies for writing a good summary:

1. Use your own words and your own sentence structure.

2. Include only the main points and main supporting points, leaving out most details.
3. Do not change the meaning of the original.

Here is the method for writing a summary :

1. Read the original passage several times until you fully understand it. Look up any
words that you don’t understand.
2. Decide what the most important points are. Underline or take notes on the
passage.
3. Write your summary from your notes without looking at the original passage.
4. Include a sentence that sums up the main idea of the article.
5. Use transition signals between sentences as needed.
6. Check your summary to make sure you have used different words but haven’t
changed the meaning.
7. Add an in-text citation at the end of the summary.
THANK YOU 