ME 5I

Power Engineering and

Refrigeration (22562)

Theory Paper- 70 Marks

PR-PA-25 Marks
PR-ESE-25 Marks
Unit Tests(2)- 20 Marks each
Micro Project- 10 Marks
Refrigeration is concerned with the production of
cool confinement absorbing heat from the space
where cooling is required
The branch of science which deals with the process of
reducing and maintaining the temperature of a space
or material below the temperature of the surrounding.
It means that continuously extraction of heat from a
body whose temperature is already below the
temperature of its surrounding.
The heat is then rejected to some natural sink such as:
 The atmospheric air
 Surface water
 Any external body lower in temperature compared
to the space
 Necessity of Refrigeration:
The growth of microorganisms is temperature-dependent, that
growth declines as temperature falls, and that growth becomes
very slow at temperatures below +5 °C

Applications of Refrigeration:
•The industrial applications- Textile Industry, Printing
industry, Pharmaceutical industry,Rubber industry,
• Preservation of foods and vegetables-
Storage of raw fruits and vegetables, Fish, Meat & poultry
Dairy products, Beverages processing and distribution of
frozen food.
•Chemical and process industries- Oil refinery, Separation of
gases, Condensation of gases, Solidification of solute,
Removal of heat of reaction,Controlled chemical
reactions,
•Industrial Air-Conditioning- Laboratories, Manufacture of
Precision Parts, Computer Rooms
•Comfort Air-Conditioning- Hospitals,Hotels,offices,etc.
Thermodynamic Law Related to Refrigeration
Second law of Thermodynamic
Clausius statement states that it is impossible to construct a machine to
transfer heat from lower temperature to higher temperature without the aid
of external work.

The machine which transfer the heat from lower temperature to higher
temperature is known as refrigerator and process of removal of heat is
known as refrigeration.

Refrigeration Effect: It is defined as the amount of heat removed (cooling

produced) from the application by the refrigeration system.
The standard unit of refrigeration is Ton

Kelvin-Plank statement states that it is impossible to construct a machine

to convert whole heat energy supplied into equivalent amount of work.

The machine which convert the heat to mechanical work is

known as engine.
 Heat Engine

In heat engine the heat supplied to the engine is converted into u

seful work. If Q
2 is the heat supplied to the engine and Q 1
 is the heat rejected from the engine
, the net work done by the engine is given by:
WE=Q2-Q1
The performance of a heat engine is expressed by its efficiency.
We know that the efficiency or coefficient of performance of an
engine,

T1>Ta
Refrigerator
Refrigerator is a reversed heat engine which either cool or
maintain the temperature of a body (T1) lower than the
atmospheric temperature (Ta). This is done by extracting the
Heat from a cold body and delivering it to a hot body (Q2). In
doing so, work WR is required to be done on the system.
According to First law of thermodynamics, T1<Ta
WR = Q2 – Q1
The performance of a refrigerator is expressed by the ratio of
amount of heat taken from the cold body (Q1) to the amount
of work required to be done on the system (WR). This ratio is
called coefficient of performance. Mathematically, coefficient
of performance of a refrigerator,
Q1 

WR
(C.O.P.)R =   Q1 
Q2 – Q1  
 Heat pump
A refrigerator used for cooling in summer can be used as a heat
pump for heating in winter. In the similar way, as discussed for
refrigerator, we have
Wp = Q2 – Q1
The performance of a heat pump is expressed by the ratio of the
amount of the heat delivered to the hot body (Q2) to the amount of
work required to be done on the system (Wp). This ratio is called
coefficient of performance or energy performance ratio (E.P.R.) of a
heat pump. Mathematically, coefficient of performance or energy
performance ratio of a heat pump,

From above we see that the C.O.P. may be less than one or greater
than one depending on the type of refrigeration system used. But the
C.O.P. of a heat pump is always greater than one.
T2>Ta
 The Reversed Carnot Cycle:

Process 1-2 : Isentropic compression Process 3-4 : Isentropic expansion ,

Air is compressed isentropically. s1=s2 Air is expanded isentropically. s3=s4

Process 2-3 : Isothermal compression , Process 4-1 : Isothermal expansion

Air is compressed isothermally. T1=T2 Air is expanded isothermally. T4=T1
 2 2 3
=T2 (S2-S3)

Heat absorbed by Air=Q1= T1S1-T1S4

=T1 (S1-S4)
=T1 (S2-S3)

As (S1= S2 and S3= S4)

Work done=WR=Heat Rejected – Heat Absorbed
= Q2 - Q1
= T2 (S2-S3) -T1 (S2-S3)
= (T2- T1) (S2-S3)
COP of Reversed Carnot cycle is given by

(COP)R=Heat Absorbed/Workdone
=Q1/WR
= Q1/ Q2 - Q1 = T1 (S2-S3)/ (T2- T1) (S2-S3)
= T / (T - T )
•Limitations o Reversed Carnot Cycle
•It is assumed that all processes are reversible but it is
impossible to carry out the processes practically.

•The refrigeration machine has to run at high speed during

isentropic process to avoid heat transfer and very low speed
during isothermal processes to permit heat transfer.Such
variation practically not possible.

•Isentropic compression and expansion during which heat

transfer is zero which not possible due to unavoidable heat
generation due to frictional losses.
Refrigeration Effect:
It is defined as the rate of heat removed
(cooling produced) from the space to be cooled by the
refrigeration system.
The standard unit of refrigeration is Ton
The performance of a refrigerator is expressed by the
ratio of amount of heat taken from the cold body
(Refrigeration effect)(Q1) to the amount of work
required to be done on the system (WR). This ratio is
called coefficient of performance. Mathematically,
coefficient of performance of a refrigerator,
(C.O.P.)R =(Refrigeration effect)/Work done
=(Q1) / WR
Value of COP of a refrigerator is always more than one.
 Unit of Refrigeration:
Capacity of refrigeration unit is generally defined in ton of
refrigeration.
A ton of refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat
to be removed from liquid water at 00C in order to form one ton
(1000 kg) of ice at 00C in 24 hrs,.
Taking latent heat of ice =335kJ/kg

1000 x latent heat of ice

One ton of refrigeration =
24 hours
1000 x 335
One ton of refrigeration = = 232.6 kJ/min
24 x60
In practice generally one ton of refrigeration is taken as
equivalent to 210kJ/min or 3.517Kw i.e. 3.5kJ/s
Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER):
Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) is the ratio of cooling
capacity of a system measured in British Thermal Unit
(BTU) per hour to the total electrical input in Watts.
Output cooling capacity in BTU/hr
Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) =
Input electrical energy in Watts

1BTU/hr= 0.293Watts
Higher the EER less will be the electrical consumption.
Standard EER rating is 7
 Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER):
Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) is the measure of
the efficiency of cooling system like air conditioner over a season
(throughout the year) .
It is defined as the ratio of total heat removed during the annual
cooling season measured in British Thermal Unit (BTU) to the
total electrical input during the same season in Watts-hr.
Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) =
Output cooling capacity in BTU over a season
Input electrical energy in Watts-hr during the same season

Therefore the unit of SEER is BTU/Watt-hr

Higher the SEER less will be the electrical consumption.
Standard SEER rating is 13
SEER is used for central air conditioners and EER is used for
room air conditioners
The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

The vapor-compression refrigeration cycle has four

components: evaporator, compressor, condenser, and
expansion (or throttle) valve. In an ideal vapor-
compression refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant enters the
compressor as a saturated vapor and is cooled to the
saturated liquid state in the condenser. It is then throttled
to the evaporator pressure and vaporizes as it absorbs heat
from the refrigerated space.
The ideal vapor-compression cycle consists of four
processes.
Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
Process Description
1-2 Isentropic compression
2-3 Constant pressure heat rejection in the
condenser
3-4 Throttling in an expansion valve
4-1 Constant pressure heat addition in the
evaporator
The P-h diagram to illustrate the refrigeration cycle.
In compressor (during process 1-2 : Isentropic compression)
◦ Inlet is low pressure; low temperature, saturated vapor

◦ Outlet is high pressure; high temperature saturated/superheated vapor.

In condenser (during process 2-3 : Isobaric heat rejection) ,

◦ Inlet is high pressure; high temperature, Saturated/superheated vapor

◦ Oulet is high pressure; low temperature saturated liquid.

In expansion device (during process 3-4 : Isenthalpic expansion) ,

◦ Inlet is high pressure; low temperature, saturated liquid
◦ Outlet is low pressure; low temperature saturated liquid and vapor
mixture.
In evaporator (during process 4-1 : Isobaric & Isothermal heat
extraction)
◦ Inlet is low pressure; low temperature, saturated liquid and vapor
◦ Outlet is low pressure; low temperature saturated vapor.
Methods of Vapour compression Refrigeration cycle:
1. Cycle with dry saturated vapour after compression.
2. Cycle with wet vapour after compression.
3. Cycle with superheated vapour before compression.
4. Cycle with superheated vapour after compression.
5. Cycle with under cooling or subcooling of refrigerant.