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Chromosomes & Cell Division

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 10-2 Cell Division

•When a cell divides DNA is 1st copied so each new cell

will have a complete set of DNA.

Why is DNA important?

Stores info. that tells cells what proteins to make & when
to make them. Directs cell’s activities & determines
characteristics.

Gene- segment of DNA that codes for 1 particular protein

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 10-2 Cell Division Chromosomes

During cell division, DNA &

proteins coil into structures called
chromosomes. Sister chromatids

Before DNA coils up, it’s copied.

The 2 exact copies are called
“sister” chromatids.

Sister chromatids are attached at

the centromere.

Centromere

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Chromosomes
10-2 Cell Division

Threadlike structures made up of DNA that coils around

proteins. Contains genetic information that is passed form
parents to offspring.

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10-2 Cell Division Human Karyotype

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10-2 Cell Division

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 10-2 Cell Division Events of the Cell Cycle

Cell Cycle- repeating

sequence of cellular
growth & division

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 10-2 Cell Division The Cell Cycle

A cell spends 90% of its time in the 1st 3 phases which are
collectively called interphase.

Purpose= growth
1.) 1st Growth phase (G1)- period of rapid growth &
protein synthesis
* Cells that are not dividing remain in G1
* Some somatic (body) cells such as muscle & nerve
cells never divide. If they die the body cannot
replace them.

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 10-2 Cell Division Events of the Cell Cycle

2.) Synthesis phase (S)- DNA copied

• chromosomes are replicated to form 2 identical

sister chromatids held together by a centromere

3.) 2nd growth phase (G2)-

* cells continue to grow & produce proteins

necessary for cell division

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 10-2 Cell Division IPMAT

Mitosis- process during cell division in which the nucleus is divided

into 2 nuclei; each ends up with the same # & kinds of chromosomes

Purpose= making 2 cells out of 1

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 10-2 Cell Division Mitosis

Prophase Spindle
forming
1st & longest phase of mitosis.

1.) Chromosomes
condense & become
visible.
2.) Nuclear
membrane disappears

Centromere
Chromosomes
(paired
chromatids)

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 10-2 Cell Division Mitosis

Spindle
forming

3.) Centrioles
separate to opposite
poles
4.) Spindle fibers
begin to form.

Centromere
Chromosomes
(paired
chromatids)

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10-2 Cell Division

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 10-2 Cell Division Mitosis

Section 10-2
Prophase
Spindle Prophase
forming

Chromosomes
(paired
chromatids)
Centromere

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 10-2 Cell Division Mitosis

Metaphase

Centriole

Spindle
Centriole
Metaphase

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 10-2 Cell Division Mitosis

Centriole

Metaphase
Shortest phase of mitosis

1.) Chromosomes
line up across the
center of the cell.
2.) Spindle fibers
connect the
centromere of each
chromosome to the
poles of the cell.
Spindle
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10-2 Cell Division

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 10-2 Cell Division Mitosis

Anaphase

Individual
chromosomes
Anaphase

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 10-2 Cell Division Mitosis

Anaphase Individual
chromosomes
1.) Centromeres joining
sister chromatids split.
2.) Sister chromatids
separate into individual
chromosomes & move to
opposite poles of the cell.

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 10-2 Cell Division

Early Anaphase Late Anaphase

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 10-2 Cell Division Mitosis

Telophase

Nuclear
envelope
reforming

Telophase
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 10-2 Cell Division Mitosis

Telophase
final phase of mitosis

1.) Chromosomes
uncoil
2.) Nuclear
envelope forms
around
chromosomes at
each pole.

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 10-2 Cell Division Mitosis

Telophase

3.) Spindle fibers

breakdown & dissolve
4.) Cytokinesis
begins

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 10-2 Cell Division Mitosis

What are the four phases of mitosis?

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• Name the phase in Mitosis?
• Name the phase in Mitosis?
 10-2 Cell Division Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis

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 10-2 Cell Division Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis,
division of the
cytoplasm into two
cells

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 10-2 Cell Division Cytokinesis

In animals: cell membrane forms a

cleavage furrow that pinches the cell in half
2 new cells
Cleavage furrow

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 10-2 Cell Division Cytokinesis

In plants, a structure known as the cell plate forms

midway between the divided nuclei & develops into a
separating membrane.
Cell wall forms in the cell plate.
Cell plate Cell wall

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 10-2 Cell Division

Cell division/ cell reproduction:

WHY?
1. Growth & development
2. Healing a wound
3. Forming gametes- sex cells (egg &
sperm)

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 10-2 Cell Division

Limits to Cell Growth

1.) The larger a cell becomes, the more demands
the cell places on its DNA.
2.) The cell has more trouble moving enough
nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane.

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10-2

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10-2

The series of events that cells go through as

they grow and divide is called
a. the cell cycle.
b. mitosis.
c. interphase.
d. cytokinesis.

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10-2

The phase of mitosis during which the

chromosomes line up across the center of the
cell is
a. prophase.
b. metaphase.
c. anaphase.
d. telophase.

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10-2

Cytokinesis usually occurs

a. at the same time as telophase.
b. after telophase.
c. during interphase.
d. during anaphase.

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10-2

DNA replication takes place during the

a. S phase of the cell cycle.
b. G1 phase of the cell cycle.
c. G2 phase of the cell cycle.
d. M phase of the cell cycle.

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10-2

During mitosis, “sister” chromatids separate from

one another during
a. telophase.
b. interphase.
c. anaphase.
d. metaphase.

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