PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY

PARTS OF A PLANT CELL

PLANT CELL - It is the structural and functional unit of a plant.

PARTS

Cell wall - It rotects the cell againts mechanical stress and to provide structure to it.

Cell membrane - It regulates the entry and exit of specific substances within the cell.

Cytoplasm - It is a thick solution that fills each cell and composed of water salts and proteins.

Nucleus - It stores DNA or hereditary information for cell division and cell growth.

Nucleolus - It manufactures cells protein producing structures and ribosomes.

Chloroplast - It contains chlorophyll which is required for the process of photosynthesis.

Vacuole - It is the stored mixture of salts and enzymes and sustained pressure againts the cell wall.

Golgi apparatus - Its function is to distribute synthesized macromolecules to different part of the cell.

Mithocondria - It is the powerhouse of the cell it provides energy by breaking down carbohydrates.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum - Its function is for the synthesis of proteins.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Its funtion is for metabolic processes such as synthesis of liids.

Lysosome - It is also called suicidal bugs it is for the cellular waste disposal.

PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS OF PLANTS

- In order for a plant to grow healthy it is undergoing to different physiological processes.

- A dry seed will take water through the soil that causes swelling this will initiate its growth

process of diffusion of water to be sort is called Imbibition

For the growing plants to continue its healthy crude and development it needs the following:

• Sunlight

• Water

• Carbon dioxide
Photosynthesis - Plant releases oxygen in the air and also stores the glucose for its energy

To continue tha activities of a plant necessary for the growth it will utilize the product for photosynthesis such
as:

• Oxygen

• Glucose

For production of its energy and these are converted into carbon dioxide and water and this process is
Respiration in plants

Parts of leaf

Stomta - Small pores on its surface

the lose of water rhrough vapor happens in stomata

when water evaporated, energy is released this is the process called Transpiration

to help in replacing the old damaged tissue by the new cells the process happens when a parent cell divides
giving rises to two or more daughter cells this helps in repair and regeneration of damaged certain parts this
process is called Cell Division

PLANT MITOSIS

Prophase - thread like materials located in the nucleus coil and thicken into chromosomes containing genetic
materials the nuclear membrane disappears and there are production of fibers across the cell.

Metaphase - The fibers attach to the chromosomes and they light up along the center.

Anaphase - Chromosomes divide into assister chromatids and they are pulled usinf the fibers toward the pole

Telophase - Full set of chromosomes are together in each pole fibers disappear and new nuclear membrane
surrounds them forming two new nuclei, the process willreverse becoming into uncoiled chromosomes and the
cycle repeats.