CHAPTER 2

BIOENERGETICS
 PARTS OF A CELL
 Cell Membrane
 Cell Wall
 Support
 Support (grow tall)
 Protection
 Protection  Controls movement of
 allows H2O, O2, CO2 to materials in/out of cell
diffuse in & out of cell  Barrier between cell and its
environment
 Maintains homeostasis
PARTS OF THE CELL AND ITS FUNCTION

 Nucleus  Nuclear membrane

 Controls cell activities  Controls movement of
 Contains the hereditary materials in/out of
material of the cell nucleus
PARTS OF THE CELL AND ITS FUNCTION

 Cytoplasm  Endoplasmic
 Supports and protects reticulum (ER)
cell organelles  Carries materials
through cell
 Aids in making proteins
PARTS OF THE CELL AND ITS FUNCTION

 Ribosome  Mitochondrion
Synthesizes proteins  Breaks down sugar
(glucose) molecules to
release energy
 Site of aerobic cellular
respiration
PARTS OF THE CELL AND ITS FUNCTION

 Vacuole  Lysosome
 Store food, water,  Breaks down larger
metabolic & toxic food molecules into
wastes smaller molecules
 Store large amounts of  Digests old cell parts
food or sugars in plants
PARTS OF THE CELL AND ITS FUNCTION

 Chloroplast  Nucleolus
 Uses energy from sun  Make ribosomes
to make food (glucose)
for the plant
 Process called
photosynthesis
 Release oxygen
PARTS OF THE CELL AND ITS FUNCTION

 Golgi Apparatus  Cilia

 Have a cis &trans face  Movement
 Modify proteins made
by the cells
 Package & export  Flagellum
proteins  Movement
PARTS OF THE CELL AND ITS FUNCTION

 Centrioles  Cytoskeleton
 Separate  chromosome  Strengthen cell &
pairs during mitosis maintains the shape
 Moves organelles
within the cell
Animal Cells & Plant Cells

 Animal cells and plant cells are

similar in that they are both 
eukaryotic cells. These cells have a
true nucleus, which houses DNA
 and is separated from other
cellular structures by a nuclear
membrane.
Animal Cells & Plant Cells
 Both of these cell types have
similar processes for reproduction,
which include mitosis and meiosis.
Animal and plant cells obtain the
energy they need to grow and
maintain normal cellular function
through the process of 
cellular respiration.
DIFFERENCE OF PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL

 Size: Animal cells are generally smaller than plant cells. Animal

cells range from 10 to 30 micrometers in length, while plant
cells range from 10 and 100 micrometers in length.
 
 Shape: Animal cells come in various sizes and tend to have
round or irregular shapes. Plant cells are more similar in size
and are typically rectangular or cube shaped.
 
 Energy Storage: Animals cells store energy in the form of the
complex carbohydrate glycogen. Plant cells store energy as
starch.
 
DIFFERENCE OF PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL

 Proteins: Of the 20 amino acids needed to

produce proteins, only 10 can be produced
naturally in animal cells. The other so called
essential amino acids must be acquired through
diet. Plants are capable of synthesizing all 20
amino acids.
 
 Differentiation: In animal cells, only stem cells are
capable of converting to other cell types. Most
plant cell types are capable of differentiation.
DIFFERENCE OF PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL

 Growth: Animal cells increase in size by increasing in cell

numbers. Plant cells mainly increase cell size by becoming larger.
They grow by absorbing more water into the centralvacuole.
 
 Cell Wall: Animal cells do not have a cell wall but have a 
cell membrane. Plant cells have a cell wall composed of cellulose
as well as a cell membrane.
 
 Centrioles: Animal cells contain these cylindrical structures that
organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division. Plant
cells do not typically contain centrioles.
DIFFERENCE OF PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL

 Cilia: Cilia are found in animal cells but not

usually in plant cells. Cilia are microtubulesthat
aid in cellular locomotion.
 
 Cytokinesis: Cytokinesis, the division of the 
cytoplasm during cell division, occurs in animal
cells when a cleavage furrow forms that pinches
the cell membrane in half. In plant cell
cytokinesis, a cell plate is constructed that
divides the cell.
DIFFERENCE OF PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL

 Glyoxysomes: These structures are not found in animal

cells, but are present in plant cells. Glyoxysomes help to
degrade lipids, particularly in germinating seeds, for the
production of sugar.
 
 Lysosomes: Animal cells possess lysosomes which contain
enzymes that digest cellularmacromolecules. Plant cells
rarely contain lysosomes as the plant vacuole handles
molecule degradation.
 
DIFFERENCE OF PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL

 Plastids: Animal cells do not have plastids. Plant cells contain

plastids such aschloroplasts, which are needed for 
photosynthesis.
 
 Plasmodesmata: Animal cells do not have plasmodesmata.
Plant cells have plasmodesmata, which are pores between
plant cell walls that allow molecules and communication signals
to pass between individual plant cells.
 
 Vacuole: Animal cells may have many small vacuoles. Plant cells
have a large central vacuole that can occupy up to 90% of the
cell's volume.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT

 Active transport is the energy-demanding

transfer of a substance across a cell
membrane against its concentration gradient,
i.e., from lower concentration to higher
concentration. Special proteins within the cell
membrane act as specific protein ‘carriers’.
The energy for active transport comes from
ATP generated by respiration (in
mitochondria).
Passive Transport

 Passive transport is the cellular process of

moving molecules and other substances
across membranes.
 Passive transport differs from active transport
 in that it does not involve any chemical
energy. Rather, passive transport relies on the
innate permeability of the cell membrane and
its component proteins and lipids.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS (LIGHT DEPENDENT)

 In the light-dependent reaction, light energy

from the sun is used to split water (photolysis)
which has been sucked in by plants by 
transpiration. Water, when broken, makes
oxygen, hydrogen, and electrons. These
electrons move through structures in 
chloroplasts and by chemiosmosis, make ATP.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS (LIGHT INDEPENDENT)

 The light-independent reactions of 
photosynthesis are chemical reactions that
convert carbon dioxide and other compounds
 into glucose. These reactions occur in the 
stroma, the fluid-filled area of a chloroplast
 outside of the thylakoid membranes.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS (LIGHT INDEPENDENT)

 These reactions take the products (ATP and

NADPH) of light-dependent reactions and
perform further chemical processes on them.
There are three phases to the light-
independent reactions, collectively called the 
Calvin cycle: carbon fixation, reduction
reactions, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
(RuBP) regeneration.