C E L L S

Cells are the basic units of protozoa and multicellular organisms.

FUNCTIONS OF CELL STRUCTURES

Cell membrane - surrounds cells, controls what leaves and enter cell

Cytoplasm- gel-like substance that fills cell and contains cell

organelles

Cell wall - made of cellulose, surround plant cells and gives shape

CELLS ORGANELLES
These are membrane enclosed structures with specific functions.

Nucleus- control centre of cell, responsible for production of

proteins and cell division.

Mitochondria - respiration occurs here.

Chloroplast - contains chlorophyll, photosynthesis occurs here.

Vacuole - fluid filled structure

- fluid contains cell sap
- contains sugar and other substances
- help maintain firmness of cell

Endoplasmic reticulum- responsible for making large molecules in

cell

Ribosome - production of proteins

COMPARISON OF PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

feature Plant cell Animal cell
Cell wall present absent
Chloroplast present absent
Vacuole Large and permanent Small and temporary
Cytoplasm This layer under cell Fills cell
wall
Starch granules present absent
Glycogen absent present
Mitochondria present present
Nucleus present present
Ribosomes present present
VIRUSES, BACTERIA AND FUNGI
CELL ORGANIZATION
Specialized Cells
=> helps efficiency and divides labour

Examples of specialized ANIMAL Cells

- Ciliated epithelial cell - lines respiratory tract, helps trap dust
particles

- Red blood cells - carry oxygen to blood

- Phagocytes - kills pathogens (disease causing organisms)

Examples of specialized PLANT Cells

- Palisade Cell - photosynthesis

- Xylem Cell - transports water and minerals

- Phloem Cell - Transports sugar and other foods

TISSUE - identical cells that work together to perform a specific

function.
Eg. in animals, muscles and nerves. Eg. in plants, xylem vessel,
palisade layer

ORGANS- different tissues that work together to perform a specific

function
Eg. in animals, heart, lung. Eg. in plants, leaf, root, stem

ORGAN SYSTEM - a number of organs which are coordinated to

perform specific functions.
Eg. in animals, digestive system, transport system
Eg. in plants, root system, leaves on a tree

ORGANISM - complex organisms are made up of a number of organ

systems. Eg. human or mango tree
THE AMOEBA
Structures
Protoplasm - made up of two layers, ectoplasm and endoplasm
(contains all cell organelles).

Food vacuole - bubble of water surrounding a food particle,

enclosed by a cell membrane.

Contractile Vacuole - controls amounts of water present in

protoplasm.

Pseudopodia - used for movement and for feeding

DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS

DIFFUSION
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low
concentration. HIGH TO LOW.

Importance in living organisms.

- Food diffuses from inside intestines into blood capillaries.
- Gases from respiration diffuses across cell membranes into
mitochondria
- Oxygen diffuses from lungs into capillaries and red blood cells

OSMOSIS
The movement of water molecules from a dilute solution to a
concentrated solution through a SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE.

Importance in living organisms.

- Water moves across cell membranes by osmosis.

- In plants, osmosis is important because it helps water move up

the plant, from cell to cell.

TERMS TO REMEMBER
Plasmolysis – the process by which a cell loses water, this will happen
in a concentrated solution.

Flaccid – a cell which has become soft because of water loss. If a

plant loses its firmness, it will begin to wilt.

Turgid – a cell which is firm due to gaining water.