Properties

Properties of
of Matter
Matter
Chapter
Chapter 44

Hein and Arena

Eugene Passer
Version 2.0 Chemistry Department
12th Edition Bronx Community1 College
© John Wiley and Sons, Inc
 Chapter Outline
4.1 Properties of Substances 4.6 Heat: Quantitative Measurement

4.2 Physical Changes 4.7 Energy in Chemical Changes

4.3 Chemical Changes 4.8 Conservation of Energy

4.4 Conservation of Mass

4.5 Energy

2
 4.1

Properties of
Substances
3
 Properties of a Substance

• A property is a characteristic of a
substance.
• Each substance has a set of properties
that are characteristic of that substance
and give it a unique identity.

4
Physical Properties

5
• The inherent characteristics of a
substance that are determined without
changing its composition.
• Examples:
 taste
 color
 physical state
 melting point
 boiling point
6
Physical Properties of Chlorine

• 2.4 times heavier than air

• color is yellowish-green
• odor is disagreeable
• melting point –101oC
• boiling point –34.6oC

7
Chemical Properties

8
Describe the ability of a substance to
form new substances, either by
reaction with other substances or by
decomposition.

9
Chemical Properties of Chlorine

• It will not burn in oxygen.

• It will support the combustion of certain
other substances.
• It can be used as a bleaching agent.
• It can be used as a water disinfectant.
• It can combine with sodium to form
sodium chloride.

10
11
 4.2

Physical Changes

12
 Physical Changes
• Changes in physical properties (such as
size, shape, and density) or changes in
the state of matter without an
accompanying change in composition.
• Examples:
 tearing of paper
 change of ice into water
 change of water into steam
 heating platinum wire
• No new substances are formed. 13
 4.3

Chemical Changes

14
In a chemical change new substances are formed
that have different properties and composition
from the original material.

15
 Formation of Copper(II) Oxide
Heating
The blacka acopper
formation
Heating copper
material iswire
ofwire ainnew
copper(II) insubstance
a Bunsen
oxide
a Bunsen burner
called
from
burner copper
causes the copper
copper(II)
and oxygen
causes the copper
oxide. tolose
loseits
is a chemical
to its originalappearance
change.
original appearance
and
The
and become
Copper
become a100%
copperisa(II)black
oxide
black material.
copperis aby
material. new substance with
mass.
properties that are different from copper.
Copper (II) oxide is: 79.94% copper by mass
20.1% oxygen by mass.

16
 Formation of Copper(II) Oxide

Neither Cu
A chemical
Copper(II) nor O contains
oxide ischange
made
2 Cu 2+
or
hasofoccurred.
up O
and O2- 2-

17
4.2
 Decomposition of Water
The
Water
They
But composition
hydrogen
the
are explodes
is decomposed
burning and
both colorlessphysical
splint with
into
gases.a appearance
pop upon
ishydrogen and the
extinguished of
when
hydrogen
addition
oxygeninto
placed ofand
by athe
burning
oxygen
passing
water splint.
are different
electricity
sample. from
through it. water.
The oxygen causes the flame of a burning
splint to intensify.

18
Chemical Equations

19
Water decomposes into hydrogen and
oxygen when electrolyzed.

reactant yields products 20

Chemical symbols can be used to
express chemical reactions

21
Water decomposes into hydrogen and
oxygen when electrolyzed.

2H2O 2H2 O2

reactant yields products 22

Copper plus oxygen yields copper(II)
oxide.
heat

reactants yield product 23

Copper plus oxygen yields copper(II)
oxide.
heat

2Cu O2 2Cu2O

reactants yield product 24

25
 4.4

Conservation
of Mass
26
No change is observed in the total
mass of the substances involved in a
chemical change.

27
sodium + sulfur  sodium sulfide
46.0 g 32.1 g 78.1 g
78.1 g reactant → 78.1 g product
mass reactants = mass products

28
 4.5

Energy

29
Energy is the capacity to do work

30
 Types of Energy

• mechanical
• chemical
• electrical
• heat
• nuclear
• radiant
31
 Potential Energy

Energy that an object possesses

due to its relative position.

32
The potential energy of the ball increases
with increasing height.

increasing
potential energy 50 ft

increasing
potential energy
20 ft

33
Potential Energy

Stored energy

34
• Gasoline is a source of chemical
potential energy.
• The heat released when gasoline burns
is associated with a decrease in its
chemical potential energy.
• The new substances formed by burning
have less chemical potential energy
than the gasoline and oxygen.
35
 Kinetic Energy

Energy matter possesses due to

its motion.

36
 Moving bodies possess kinetic energy.

• The flag waving in

the wind.

37
 Moving bodies possess kinetic energy.

• A bouncing ball.
• The running man.

38
 Moving bodies possess kinetic energy.

• The runner

39
 Moving bodies possess kinetic energy.

• The soccer player.

40
 4.6
Heat:
Quantitative Measurement

41
 • A form of energy associated with
Heat small particles of matter.

•
Temperature A measure of the intensity of heat, or
of how hot or cold a system is.

42
Units of Heat Energy

43
• The SI unit for heat • Another unit is
energy is the joule the calorie.
(pronounced
“jool”).

(exactly)
4.184 Joules = 1 calorie
4.184 J = 1 cal

This amount of heat energy will raise the

temperature of 1 gram of water 1oC.
44
 An Example of the Difference
Between Heat and Temperature
A form of energy A measure of the
associated with intensity of heat,
small particles of or of how hot or
matter. cold a system is.

45
 A B
100 g water 200 g water

Twice as much 30oC

20 30oC
20
heat energy is
required to raise
the temperature
of 200 g of
water 10oC as
compared to
100 g of water.

temperature
heat beakers 4184 J 8368 J
rises 10oC 46
Specific Heat

47
The specific heat of a substance is the quantity
of heat required to change the temperature of 1 g
of that substance by 1oC.

48
49
The units of  Joules 
specific heat in  gram oCelcius 
joules are:  

 J 
 g oC 
 

50
The units of  calories 
specific heat in  gram oCelcius 
calories are:  

 cal 
 g oC 
 

51
The relation of mass, specific heat,
temperature change (Δt), and quantity of
heat lost or gained is expressed by the
general equation:

(specific heat
of substance )( mass of
substance)Δt = heat

52
Example 1

53
Calculate the specific heat of a solid in J/g oC and in
cal/ goC if 1638 J raise the temperature of 125 g of the
solid from 25.0oC to 52.6oC.
(mass of substance)(specific heat of substance)Δt = heat
(g)(specific heat of substance)Δt = heat
 heat  heat = 1638 J
specific heat =  
 g x Δt  mass = 125 g
Δt = 52.6oC – 25.0oC = 27.6oC

 1638 J  0.475 J
specific heat =  o 
= o
 125 g x 27.6 C  g C 54
Calculate the specific heat of a solid in J/g oC and in
cal/ goC if 1638 J raise the temperature of 125 g of the
solid from 25.0oC to 52.6oC.
Convert joules to calories using 1.000 cal/4.184 J

 0.475 J   1.000 cal  0.114 cal

specific heat =  o   = o
gC
 g C   4.184 J 

55
Example 2

56
A sample of a metal with a mass of 212 g is heated to
125.0oC and then dropped into 375 g of water at
24.0oC. If the final temperature of the water is 34.2 oC,
what is the specific heat of the metal?

When the metal enters the water, it begins to cool,

losing heat to the water. At the same time, the
temperature of the water rises. This process continues
until the temperature of the metal and the temperature of
the water are equal, at which point (34.2oC) no net flow
of heat occurs.

57
A sample of a metal with a mass of 212 g is heated to
125.0oC and then dropped into 375 g of water at
24.0oC. If the final temperature of the water is 34.2 oC,
what is the specific heat of the metal?

• Calculate the heat gained by the water.

• Calculate the final temperature of the metal.

• Calculate the specific heat of the metal.

58
A sample of a metal with a mass of 212 g is heated to
125.0oC and then dropped into 375 g of water at
240.0oC. If the final temperature of the water is
34.2oC, what is the specific heat of the metal?
Heat Gained by the Water

temperature rise Δt = 34.2oC – 24.0oC = 10.2oC

of the water

heat gained (375 g ) 4.184 J  o

=  o (10.2 C) = 4
1.60 x 10 J
by the water  gC 
59
A sample of a metal with a mass of 212 g is heated to
125.0oC and then dropped into 375 g of water at
240.0oC. If the final temperature of the water is
34.2oC, what is the specific heat of the metal?
Heat Lost by the Metal
Once the metal is dropped into the water, its temperature
will drop until it reaches the same temperature as the
water (34.2oC).
temperature drop Δt = 125.0oC – 34.2oC = 90.8oC
of the metal
heat lost heat gained
= = 1.60 x 104 J
by the metal by the water 60
A sample of a metal with a mass of 212 g is heated to
125.0oC and then dropped into 375 g of water at
240.0oC. If the final temperature of the water is
34.2oC, what is the specific heat of the metal?
The heat lost or gained by the system is given by:
(mass) (specific heat) (Δt) = energy change
 heat 
rearrange specific heat =  
 mass x Δt 

specific heat  1.60 x 10 J   0.831 J 

4

of the metal
=  (212g)(90.8oC)    g oC) 
   
61
 4.7

Energy in
Chemical Changes
62
In all chemical changes, matter either
absorbs or releases energy.

63
 Energy Release From
Chemical Sources
Type of
Energy Source
Energy
Electrical Storage batteries
Light A lightstick. Fuel combustion.

Heat and Light Combustion of fuels.

Chemical changes occurring within

Body
body cells. 64
 Chemical Changes Caused by
Absorption of Energy
Type of
Chemical Change
Energy
Electroplating of metals.
Electrical Decomposition of water into
hydrogen and oxygen
Light Photosynthesis in green plants.

65
 4.8

Conservation
of Energy
66
 An energy transformation occurs
whenever a chemical change occurs.
• If energy is absorbed during a chemical
change, the products will have more
chemical potential energy than the reactants.

• If energy is given off in a chemical

change, the products will have less
chemical potential energy than the
reactants.
67
 H2 + O2 have higher
potential energy than H2O

higher
energy
potential
is absorbed
energy lower
energy
potential
is given
energy
off

Electrolysis of Water Burning of

Hydrogen in Air

68
4.3
 Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed,

though it can be transformed from one form of
energy to another form of energy.

69
70