Analisis Produk Agroindustri

(TIN 254)

FIBRES

Department of Agroindustrial Technology

Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology
IPB University
2020

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 What are fibres?

Materials in the form of threads,

continuous filaments, or can be twisted
into filaments, yarns, and ropes
Slender strands of natural or man-made
materials usually having a length of at
least 100 times their diameters (aspect
ratio) and characterized by flexibility,
cohesiveness and strength
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Fibre
Can be used as composite
materials
Can be made as a sheet like paper
Examples: cotton, collagen, silk,
coconut fibre

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Type of Fibre
 Natural fibre: silk, cotton
 Semisynthetic fibre: cellulose nitrate
 Synthetic fibre: nylon (polyamide),
dacron (polyester)

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 Natural fibres include those produced
by plants, animals, and geological
processes
 Natural fibre:
 Plant/vegetable fibre
 Animal fibre
 Mineral fibre

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 Semi-synthetic fibres: made from raw
materials with naturally long-chain
polymer structure and are only modified
and partially degraded by chemical
processes
 Cellulose regenerated fibers

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 The cellulose is reduced to a fairly pure
form as a viscous mass and formed into
fibers by extrusion through spinnerets.
The manufacturing process leaves few
characteristics distinctive of the natural
source material in the finished product.
 Examples: rayon, bamboo fiber,
diacetate fiber, triacetate fiber.
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 Synthetic fibres: synthesizes from low-
molecular weight compounds by
polymerization reactions
 Synthetic come entirely from synthetic
materials such as petrochemicals

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(Kawai 2008)
 Dimention and Chemical Composition of Vegetable
Fibres

Type of Fibre Length Width Hemicellulose Cellulosa Lignin

(µm) (µm)
Non-wood fibre:
Abaca 4-8 13-29 18-23 55-64 5-18
Bamboo 15-16 36-43 21-31
Cotton 10-40 18-28 3-6 88-96 1-2
Kapok 19-22 19-20 32 43 13-15
Sisal 1.5-4 15-30 12-17 54-66 7-14
Bagase 1.2 12 22-32 32-48 19-24
Wood fibre:
Eucalyptus 1-2 18-30 15 49 28
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Plant Fibre
Generally in the form of cellulose

Example: cotton, linen, jute, flax,

ramie, sisal and hemp.

Benefits of cellulose fibre 

paper and cloth

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Category of Plant Fibre
(1) Seed Fibre
Example: cotton and kapok

Cotton Kapok (Ceiba pentandra)

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 (2) Leaf Fibre
Example: Sisal & Agave

Sisal rope Agave (Agave attenuata)

Sisal (Agave sisalana)

Sisal Fibre

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(3) Bast Fibre/Skin Fibre

Fibres from the bark or hard stem

    fibre has tensile strength than other
fibers

Example: jute, kenaf, industrial hemp,

ramie, cane, flax, soy fibre and banana
fibre

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 Kenaf

Natural Soybean Protein Fibre

The world’s strongest fibre Ramie

Hemp fiber Canabis sativa
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 Kenaf

Ratan (Calamus)
Hibiscus cannabinus

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 Linen  textile made from flax

Flax

Rye plant (left), flax plant (center) and flax fibre (right).

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(4) Fruit Fibre
Example: Coconut (coir) fibre

Coconut coir

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Coconut coir Cocopeat

Coconut husk chip

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 Coconut
Coir mats

Rubberised coir pot

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(5) Stalk Fibre

Example:
Trunk/rice straw, wheat, barley,
bamboo, grass

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Mat

Hat
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Animal
Fibres
(1) Animal Hairs (Wool or hair)

Fibers derived from animal or mammal haired

Examples:
 Wool (wool Sheep)
 Goat hair (Alpaca, Cashmere)
 Horse’s hair

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(1) Animal Hairs (Wool or hair)

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Wool Harvesting
-Traditional shearing
 Roboting shearing
 Biological wool harvesting

Roboting Shearing
-Traditional Shearing

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(2) Silk Fibre
Fibers produced from dried saliva of
insects during in the form of a cocoon
   Example: Silk from silkworm cocoons

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Silk Worm
(Bombyx mori )

Silkworms

Silk
Spinning
Coccon 27
(3) Avian Fibre

Fibres made from bird, for example

feathers and bristle feather fibre

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(4) Collagen Fibre
 Composition: glycine, proline, and
hydroxyproline
 Collagen:
 production of leather
 manufacture of biomaterials (artificial bone,
suture)

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Mineral Fibres
 Asbestos
 Glass  glass wool
 Mineral wool  stone wool

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Asbestos
 A naturally occurring mineral
recognized for its heat resistance,
tensile strength, insulating properties,
and used for fire-proof vests to home
and commercial construction.
 It was woven into fabric, and mixed
with cement.

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Glass  glass wool
 An insulating material made from fibres
of glass arranged using a binder into a
texture similar to wool
 The process traps many small pockets
of air between the glass, and these
small air pockets result in high thermal
insulation

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Mineral wool  stone wool
 Applications: thermal insulation (as both
structural insulation and pipe insulation,
though it is not as fire-resistant as high-
temperature insulation wool), filtration,
soundproofing, and hydroponic growth
medium

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 Fibre characteristics
Forms and dimensions Physical and mechanical Chemical properties
properties
1. Length 1. Colour 1. Response to moisture
2. Cross-section 2. Gloss 2. Solvent action
3. Spirality 3. Refractive index 3. Chemical change on
heating
4. Surface character 4. Specific gravity 4. Resistance to common
chemicals
5. Specific heat 5. Dye ability

6. Conductivity
7. Softening temperature
and glass transition
temperature
8. Mechanical properties