GPS BASED SURVEYING AND

MAPPING

By:
Md. Esraz-Ul-Zannat
Assistant Professor
Dept. of URP, KUET 1

February 12, 2017

 LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Students will be able to describe the

basics of GPS.
 Students will be able to describe the
method GPS uses to calculate your
position.
 Students will be able to list at least three
ways that GPS is important to your daily
life.
 Students will able to map the GPS data

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 CONTENTS
 Global Positioning System (GPS)
 NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS)
 Application of GPS
 Structure of GPS
 Three Levels of Global Positioning System (GPS)
 Sources of Errors
 How to Get Better Accuracy With a Handheld GPS
 Workflow of GIS data Collection
 Mapping with GPS Data

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 SURVEYING
Linear measurements we usually do with:
 Chain
 Tape
 Substance bar
 EDM (Electronic distance measurement instrument)
 GPS (Global Positioning System)
Angular measurements we usually do with:
 Compass
 Theodolite

 Height we usually do with:

 Dumpy level
 Auto level
 Theodolite & Digital leveler

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 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

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 WHERE ARE WE?

 What is
positioning
and what is
surveying?

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 POSITIONING

 Determination of position is an
essential component in many
disciplines. The position is
particularly important to;
Navigators
GIS users
Military forces
Surveyors
Explorers/hikers etc…

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 THE IMPORTANCE OF TIME

 Time has been the limiting factor

for a lot of science, including the
science of positioning
 Ships and clocks (John Harrison
and the 18th Century)
 Better accuracy requires better
clocks

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 THE TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION

 Satellites
 Atomic clocks
 Microchips and
calculators
 Radio Beacons and
other transitions from
astro methods to
modern methods.
Ground based
systems

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 THE IMPORTANCE OF TIME

 DOD sponsored project puts

satellites into orbit
 First Sat launched in 1978

 24 Sats by mid 1990s

 32 Currently in orbit, with

more coming
 A fundamental change in how
positioning is done
 What GPS has changed?

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 GNSS (GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM)

There are number of Satellite

Systems meant for positioning;
 NAVSTAR GPS: USA,
military, fully working, will be
modernized.
 GLONAS: Russia, military,
workin.
 GALILEO: Europe, civil
 Other non global ones by
India and China.

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 NAVSTAR GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

 NAVigation System with Time

And Ranging

 It is a brain child of United States

Department of Defense (DoD) and
Joint Program Office (JPO).

 A reliable real time positioning

system was very much needed for
DoD for it’s military operations.
The final product was the GPS
system, originally designed only
for the use of DoD.

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 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

 The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a

space-based satellite navigation system that
provides location and time information.
 Major Advantages:
 Works in all weather
 Relatively costs lower than other navigation
system
 100% coverage throughout the earth
 User friendly
 Major Disadvantages:
 Obstacles may hamper accuracy, like tree
canopies or structures etc.

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 APPLICATION OF GPS

Agriculture Recreation Marine

Environment Roads & Aviation Rail

Highways

Logistic and Surveying & Mapping Space Disaster

fleet management Management

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 SOME AMAZING THINGS TO DO WITH GPS

 Earth Tides
 Measuring
subsidence
 Track the moving
earth
 Post Glacial
Rebound
 Geocaching

 Emergency Rescue

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 STRUCTURE OF GPS

 There are three

segments of
GPS-
Space
Segment
Control
Segment
User
Segment Simplified relation among the three segments
of GPS

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 SPACE SEGMENT
 The space segment (SS) is composed
Artist's conception of
of the orbiting GPS satellites GPS Block II-F
There are 32 satellites in the satellite in Earth orbit.

GPS constellation
Each satellite circles the Earth
twice a day
At an altitude of
approximately 20,200 km Satellites patrolling
(12,600 mile) around earth for GPS
service
At least 6 satellites are visible
from any point of earth

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 SPACE SEGMENT
Satellite launches
Launch In Currently in orbit
Block
Period Success Failure preparatio Planned and healthy
n
I 1978–1985 10 1 0 0 0
II 1989–1990 9 0 0 0 0
IIA 1990–1997 19 0 0 0 6
IIR 1997–2004 12 1 0 0 12
IIR-M 2005–2009 8 0 0 0 7
IIF From 2010 7 0 5 0 7
IIIA From 2016 0 0 0 12 0
IIIB — 0 0 0 8 0
IIIC — 0 0 0 16 0
Total 65 2 5 36 32

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 CONTROL SEGMENT
 GPS control segment consists of a global network
of ground facilities that track the GPS satellites,
monitor their transmissions, perform analyses, and
send commands and data to the constellation. The
control segment is composed of:

a master control station (MCS),

an alternate master control station,
12 command and control antennas
16 dedicated monitor stations.
Locations of control segments around the
world

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 USER SEGMENT & ITS PLATFORMS
 The GPS User
GPS in
Segment consists on plane
L-band radio
receiver/processors
and antennas which
receive GPS signals. Handheld GPS device
Once the signal is
acquired and tracked, GPS in
wrist
the receiver watch
application decodes Car GPS
Data
the navigation acquisition
message and with a DGPS
receiver
estimates the user Mobile GPS device
capable of
capturing
position. enhanced
GPS
information

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THREE LEVELS OF GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
(GPS)
 Point Positioning – uses stand alone receivers, taking
measurements from the code carried on the signal. Many
sources of error adding up to 10 – 15 metres with Selective
Availability turned off.
 DGPS (Differential) – uses two receivers recording
position data concurrently. One Base receiver is set up at a
known position and the data from this is compared to rover
data to allow a correction.
 RTK GPS/ Precision Surveying (Phase Observable) –
differential technique based on the carrier phase, not the
codes. Direct radio signal measurement results in errors
being reduced to the mm-cm level.
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 POINT POSITIONING

 Uses recreational level GPS units. Any

particular point measurement will be
within 10-15 m of a known point. (Under
ideal conditions, this error range could be
worse under less than favorable
conditions.) This reading will cycle around
the point over time.
 Accuracy can be improved by averaging,
that is by taking a minimum of 10 readings
for a required point over a 10-20 minute
period and averaging the results to
determine the point.

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 DGPS (DIFFERENTIAL GPS)
To obtain more accurate
measurements than is
possible from a single GPS
unit, a GPS receiver
broadcasts the signal it
receives from a known
position. The GPS unit in
the field simultaneously
receives data from the GPS
satellites and the other GPS
receiver on the ground
through a radio signal. The
GPS error from the known
position is compared to that
of the GPS receiver in the
unknown location.

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 RTK (REAL TIME KINEMATIC) GPS
 Have dual frequency
Receiver
 Receivers are in
continuous motion
 Relative positioning;
 One stationary
receiver
 One or more moving
receivers
 They stop at each new
point very shortly
 Once the phase ambiguity
is solved, receivers are
kept running and their
lock on to satellite is
maintained
 Best suitable for wide
open areas
 Fast and accurate

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 TRILATERATION

 D=RxT
 Rate is Speed
of light
 Time is the
key!
Technology
made it
possible
 One you have
distance, its
“easy”

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 GPS POSITIONING SIMPLIFIED TO TWO
y DIMENSIONS

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 GPS POSITIONING SIMPLIFIED TO TWO
DIMENSIONS

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 GPS POSITIONING SIMPLIFIED TO TWO
DIMENSIONS

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 GPS POSITIONING SIMPLIFIED TO TWO
DIMENSIONS

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 GPS POSITIONING SIMPLIFIED TO TWO
DIMENSIONS

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 HOW A GPS RECEIVER WORKS

 Find the satellites

 Know where the
satellites are
 Figure out D=RxT

 Trilaterate

 Repeat, repeat, repeat

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 SOURCES OF ERROR IN GPS

 Multipathing
 Atmospheric Delays

 PDOP (HDOP, VDOP), GDOP

 Clocks

 Orbits

 Receiver electronics

 Relativity

 Geoid models and other really techie stuff

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 PDOP

 PDOP (Position
Dilution of
Precision) or
 “Why the
distribution of GPS
satellites in the sky
affects how well I
know where I am” x
 (Simplified to a 2-
dimensional model)

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 PDOP

 PDOP (Position
Dilution of
Precision) or
 “Why the
distribution of GPS
satellites in the sky
affects how well I x
know where I am”
 (Simplified to a 2-
dimensional model)

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 PDOP
 PDOP Blue/Yellow have “good geometry” so the (green) error box around “x” is small (PDOP is small)
(Position
Red/Yellow have “bad geometry” so the (orange) error box around “x” is large (PDOP is large)
Dilution of
Precision) or
 “Why the
distribution of
GPS satellites
in the sky
affects how
well I know x
where I am”
 (Simplified to
a 2-
dimensional
model)
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 JUST HOW ACCURATE CAN WE GET?

 Consumer
Grade GPS
 Survey
Grade GPS
 Use of two
receivers
instead of
just one
(CORS)

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 HOW TO GET BETTER ACCURACY WITH A
HANDHELD GPS
 Determining the type of internal antenna in
GPS from manual-
 Patch Antenna
 Quadrifilar Helix Antenna
 Holding GPS properly to receive a stronger
signal from the GPS satellites
 Standing where one have a clear view of the
Holding flat
sky- for Patch
 Buildings, hills, trees, etc., will block the
signals from the GPS satellites. The goal is to
receive the signal from as many GPS satellites
as possible.
Holding erect for
quadrifilar

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 HOW TO GET BETTER ACCURACY WITH A
HANDHELD GPS
 Holding GPS at shoulder height or above-
 Even our body can block the signal from the GPS
satellites.
 Using "position averaging” feature
 This is a feature that allows the GPS to take many Holding GPS
at shoulder
measurements and then calculate an average height
position before saving it in the GPS receiver's
memory.
 Turning on the WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation
System) capability
 The WAAS signal is broadcast from several geo
Turning on
stationary communications satellites. The WAAS WAAS(Wide
signal provides corrections for your GPS Area
measurements and enhances the accuracy of your Augmentation
System)
GPS receiver..
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39 <=Previous Next=> Home First Last End Show
Almanac data
• Demonstration of data or map on Step 5
desktop/online portal/printed document
• Data Editing with Geo-Spatial software Step 4
(if required)
GPS
Setting up of a • Downloading GPS waypoints into PC Step 3
• Acquiring and saving the waypoints in Step 2
field
• Setting up the coordinate system & Step 1
collecting almanac
WORKFLOW OF GPS DATA COLLECTION
 MAPPING WITH GPS DATA
Collecting Way Points Using GPS:

Extracting Location Points from GPS:

1.Install ExpertGPS using SetupExpertGPS.exe

2.Replace ExpertGPS.exe in program directory
(C:\ Program Files\ ExpertGPS) with
ExpertGPS.exe from crack folder.
3.Enter ExpertGPS  GPS  Receive from
GPS  Add GPS  Select Manufacturer and
Model of GPS (written on the body of the
GPS)  Connect via  Cable  OK.

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 MAPPING WITH GPS DATA

Conversion from WGS84 to UTM:

1. File  Export  Save As  Excel File (for eg. WGS84.xls)

2. Open the given excel file “UTMConversions1.xls”  Paste the ‘x’
values from WGS84.xls under the column “Lat DD.dddd” and ‘y’ values
from WGS84.xls under the column “Long DD.dddd.”
3. Copy the two columns “N orthing” and “Easting”  Paste them in a
new excel file and save it (for eg. UTM.xls).
4. Open UTM.xls  Save As UTM.txt  Open UTM.txt  Save As
UTM.scr (type manually)
5. Open AutoCAD  Drag and Drop UTM.scr to find the points in
AutoCAD.

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 MAPPING WITH GPS DATA

Add Coordinates to AutoCAD for Mapping

Error Calculation:

1.Open the given file “RMSE Calculations.xlsx”  Enter the

values of True (will be given) and Measured (surveyed) Easting
and Northing to find the RMS Error.

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 WORKING AREA

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BEST WISHES TO YOU ALL