Physics presentation

defects in solids

Presented to :- Miss Mahrukh

Presented by :- Saniya Ismail, Aqsa Amin, Sabooh
Haroon, Azka bukhari, Mahnoor, Maida Latif

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POINT DEFECTS
BY: SANIYA ISMAIL
POINT DEFECTS:-
• If the deviation occurs because of missing atoms, displaced atoms
or extra atoms, the imperfection is named as a point defect.

• Point defects are lattice defects of zero dimensionality, i.e., they do

not possess lattice structure in any dimension

• Point defects are defects that occur only at or around a single lattice
point
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TYPES OF POINT DEFECTS:-

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IMPURITY DEFECT:-
Impurity defect arises when foreign atoms, that is atoms
different from host atoms are present in the crystal lattice.
TYPES:-
There are two types of it:-
• Subsitutional purity
• Interstitial impurity

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Substitutional purity:-
If the atom of the parent lattice occupying a lattice state is replaced
by impurity atom it is called as substitutional impurity atom.

Interstitial impurity:-
If the impurity atom occupies a non lattice site in a crystal it is called
as interstitial impurity atom.

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STOICHIOMETRIC DEFECTS:-
• The compounds in which the number of cations and anions are
exactly same in the same ratio as represented by their chemical
formula are called stoichiometric defects.

• The defects that donot disturb the ratio of cations and anions are
known as stoichiometric defects.

• It is also known as intrinsic and thermodynamic defects.

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TYPES:-

• Frenkel defect
• Schottky defect
• Vacany defect
• Interstitial defect

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VACNCY DEFECT:-
• When some of the lattice sites are vacant the crystal is said to have
vacancy defect.

• This results in decrease in density of the substance.

• This defect can also develop when a substance is heated.

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INTERSTITIAL DEFECTS:-

• When some particles (atoms or molecules) occupy an interstitial site

the crystal is said to have interstitial defect.

• This defect increases the density of substance.

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FRENKEL DEFECT:-

• If an ion is missing from its current lattice sites (causing a vacancy or

a hole) and occupies an interstitial site it is known as frenkel defect.

• Since cations are usually smaller it is more common to find the

cations occupying interstitial sites.

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This type of defect is present in ionic compounds which have:-

• Low coordinates number.

• Larger difference in sizes of cations and anions.
• Compounds having highly polarising cations and easily polarizable
anions.
• A few examples of ionic compounds exhibiting this defect are AgCl,
AgBr, Agl, ZnS etc.

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SCHOTTKY DEFECT:-
• Schottky defect is a type of point defect which is caused by a vacant
position that is generated in a crystal lattice due to the atoms or
ions moving out from the interior to the surface of the crystal.

Examples:-
Some common example of salts where Schottky defect is prominent
include Sodium Chloride (NaCl), Potassium Chloride (KCl), Potassium
Bromide (KBr), Caesium Chloride (CsCl) and Silver Bromide (AgBr).

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Characteristics Of Schottky Defect:-

• There is a very small difference in size between cation and anion.

• Cation and anion both leave the solid crystal.
• Atoms also move out of the crystal permanently.
• Generally two vacancies are formed.
• As for the density of the solid it decreases considerably.

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NON-STOICHIOMETRIC DEFECTS:-

• If as aresult of imperfection the ratio of number of cations to

number of anions becomes different from indicated chemical
formula it is known as non stoichiometric defects

• These defects arise either due to excess of metal atoms or non

metal atom or presence of impurities.

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TYPES:-

• Metal excess defects (the color centers)

• Metal deficiency defects

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METAL EXCESS DEFECTS:-
•   In this defect, a negative ion is missing from its lattice site, leaving
behind a hole which is occupied by an electron and maintain the
electrical balance.

•   The sites which contain the electrons are trapped in the anion
vacancies.

•   They are known as F-centres because they are responsible for

giving colour to the crystal.
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METAL DEFICENCY DEFECT:-
• In this a cation is missing from its lattice site. To maintain electrical
neutrality, one of the nearest metal ion acquires two positive
charge. This type of defect occurs in compounds where metal can
exhibit variable valency.

FOR EXAMPLE:-
• Transition metal compounds like NiO, FeO, FeS etc.

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LINE DEFECT

BY SABOOH HAROON
 LINE DEFECT
• Line defects , or dislocation, are lines along whole row of crystal
lattice pattern is arranged anomalously. One of many types of
dislocation is due to an extra plane of atoms that is inserted
somewhere in the crystal structure.
• Types of line defects:
1. Edge dislocation
2. Screw dislocation
 Edge dislocation
• A dislocation is said to be edge dislocation if the burger’s vector b is
prependicular to the dislocation line.

Figure no 1
 Final diagram of edge dislocation
 Screw dislocation
• A dislocation in the lattice structure of a crystal in which the atoms
are arranged in a helical pattern that is normal to the direction of
the stress
• A dislocation is said to be a screw dislocation if the burger’s vector
is parallel to dislocation line
Final diagram of screw dislocation
Planar defects :
Prepaid by : Maida latif
What are planar defects?

A Planar Defect is a discontinuity of the perfect crystal structure

across a plane.
Interfacial defects are boundaries that have two dimensions and
normally separate regions of the materials that have different crystal
structures and/or crystallographic orientations.
Planar defacts are include:
Stacking faults
• Grain boundaries
• Twin boundaries
• Stacking faults:
Let’s consider a sequence ABC ABC……..
Any deviation in this sequence is called checking false
In fcc structure two types of stacking faults are present;
• Intrinsic
• Extrinsic
Intransic:

• A stacking fault is in transitive if Some atoms plane or layer is

missing In the regular sequence.
• Foe example;
• In this sequence (ABCBCABC ……….) A layer A is missing.
Extransic:

• A stacking fault is extransic if Some extra atoms Plane a layer is

introduced In the regular sequence.
• For example;
• In this sequence ( ABCABACABC…..) an extra layer A has been
introduced.
A stacking structure in HCP Structures is
( ABABAB……)
However If a layer C is introduced i.e
( ABABCAB…….)
Or a layer sulistitude for a layer B i.e
( ABACAB…..) Then stacking faults ouccrs in
HCP Crystal.
GRAIN BOUNDARIES
BY AQSA AMIN
DEFINITION:-

A grain boundary is the interface between two grains, or

crystallites, in a polycrystalline material. Grain boundaries are
2D defects in the crystal structure, and tend to decrease the
electrical and thermal conductivity of the material.
TYPES OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES
• Grain boundaries have two types, as per their orientation:
• Low-angle grain boundaries are those with a misorientation
less than about 15 degrees.
• High-angle grain boundaries are whose misorientation is
greater than about 15 degrees.
 Grain boundaries interact with
dislocation :

• Grain boundaries and interfaces between dissimilar metals can act as

sinks, traps and sources of lattice dislocations. On interacting with a
grain boundary, the leading lattice dislocations can become
incorporated in it and the others will form a dislocation pile-up at the
point of intersection.
CLASSIFICATION OF GB BASED on rotation
axis :
Tilt boundary :
A tilt boundary is one in which one crystal has been twisted about an axis that
parallel to the boundary plane.

Twist boundary :
A twist boundary is one in which one crystal has been twisted about an axis
that perpendicular to the boundary plane.
 Applied Physics

Major: Computer Science

By: Mahnoor
Section: A
Presented To: Ma’am Mahrukh Abid
Twin Boundary Defects
1) What are twin boundaries?
2) How are twin boundaries formed?
3) Twin boundaries and grain boundaries?
4) Types of twin boundaries?
Twin Boundaries

• A twin boundary happens when the crystals on either side of a

plane are mirror images of each other.
• The boundary between the twinned crystals will be a single plane of
atoms.
• There is no region of disorder and the boundary atoms can be
viewed as belonging to the crystal structures of both twins
Formation

• A twin boundary happens when the crystals on

either side of a plane are mirror images of each
other.
• Twin boundaries transform into boundaries of
common type due the formation of walls of
mismatch dislocations during dislocation movement
through these boundaries
Twin and Grain boundaries

• Twinning is a phenomenon somewhere between a

crystallographic defect and a grain boundary. Like a
grain boundary, a twin boundary has different
crystal orientations on its two sides. But unlike a
grain boundary, the orientations are not random,
but related in a specific, mirror-image way.
Diagram

• Twin boundaries are formed when crystals on either side of

plane are mirror image of each other. This diagram clearly
shows that after a slight distortion in crystals mirror images
are formed on both sides of the plane. This shows the
twinning phenomenon.
Types of Twin Boundaries

Twinned crystals are of three types;

• 1)Grown twins:
Formed due to interruption in the lattice
• 2)Annealing twins:
These are produced when annealed (hardened) metals
are subjected to mechanical work .
• 3) Strain twins: (also known as gliding twins and deformation
twins)
These are produced as a result of applied stress.
 
• There are three modes of formation of twinned crystals.
Twins are either grown-in during crystallization, or the
result of mechanical or thermal work.
1)Grown twins are the result of an interruption or
change
in the lattice during formation or growth due to a
possible deformation from a larger substituting ion.
• 2) Annealing or transformation twins are the result of a
change in crystal system during cooling as one form
becomes unstable and the crystal structure must re-
organize or transform into another more stable form.
• 3) Deformation or gliding twins are the result of stress
on the crystal after the crystal has formed
 By Azka Bukhari

Volvovolume
Volume defects
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What is volume defect?

• Volume defects are Voids, i.e. the absence of a number of atoms to

form internal surfaces in the crystal. They have similar properties
to microcracks because of the broken bonds at the surface.
• These are three-dimensional defects.
• While growing, any possible small electrostatic dissimilarity
between the stacking layers may result in crack.