MATHEMATICS KSSM FORM 3

CHAPTER 9 :STRAIGHT LINES

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9.1 STRAIGHT LINES

9.1.4 Investigate and make

inference about the gradients
of parallel lines.

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9.1 STRAIGHT LINES

What do you
understand about
the gradients of
parallel lines?

Gradient of a straight line ratio of vertical distance to horizontal distance

The corresponding angles of the parallel lines equal

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9.1 STRAIGHT LINES

Diagram 1 Diagram 2

 𝑦=2 𝑥+4
 
𝑦  𝑦=2 𝑥+2
 
𝑦
4
  4
 
 3  3
 2  2

 1  1
 𝜃  𝜃

−2
  −1
  0
 
 1  2
  𝑥 −2
  −1
 
 0
 1  2
  𝑥

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9.1 STRAIGHT LINES

Diagram 3 Diagram 4

 
𝑦  𝑦=2 𝑥
 
𝑦  𝑦=2 𝑥 − 2

4
   2
 3  1
 2
−2
  −1
 
 0
 1  2
 
𝑥
 1 −1
 
 𝜃 𝜃 
−2
  −1
  0
 
 1  2
  𝑥 −2
 

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9.1 STRAIGHT LINES

Diagram 5

 
𝑦
 𝑦=2 𝑥 − 4
 2

 1

−2
  −1
 
 0
 1  2
 
𝑥
−1
 

−2
 

−3
 

 − 4
𝜃 

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9.1 STRAIGHT LINES FLASHBACK
FLASHBACK
   𝑦
 Based on Diagram 1 to Diagram 5, calculate the value   𝑦 𝜃=
tan 𝜃=
𝜃   𝑥
  𝑥

 4  4  4
 
2 𝜃
 
2
𝜃
   
 
1 𝜃
 
 2 𝜃
 
 2  
1
 
𝜃
 2

Diagram 1 Diagram 2 Diagram 3 Diagram 4 Diagram 5

  2  tan 𝜃 = 4  tan 𝜃 = 4   2   4
tan 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 =
1 2 2 1 2
𝜃=63.43
  °  𝜃=63.43 °  𝜃=63.43 °  𝜃=63.43 ° 𝜃=63.43
  °

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9.1 STRAIGHT LINES
 
+4
 
+2

4
 
 
𝑦  𝑦=2 𝑥

 𝑦=2 𝑥 − 2
 3

 2  𝑦=2 𝑥 − 4

 1

−2
  −1
 
 0
 1  2
 
𝑥
−1
 

−2
 

−3
 
Straight lines that have the same gradients are parallel.
−
  4

  The straight lines , , , and

are parallel because they have the same gradient, that is and the same
Corresponding angle, that is .

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9.1 STRAIGHT LINES
Example 8
 Determine whether the straight line is parallel to the straight line .

solution
Tips
 𝒚=𝟑 𝒙+ 𝟓
  determine the gradient value of
To
a straight line, change the equation
 Compare with  𝟔 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒚 =𝟗 of the given straight line to the
 
Gradient  − 𝟐 𝒚=− 𝟔 𝒙+ 𝟗 form

 − 𝟐 𝒚 −𝟔 𝒙 𝟗
= +
(− 𝟐) (− 𝟐) (− 𝟐)
Equal   𝟗
𝒚 =𝟑 𝒙 −
𝟐
 
Gradient

 
The gradient of both straight lines are equal,
thus is parallel to
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9.1 STRAIGHT LINES
Example 9
 Determine whether the straight line is parallel to the straight line .

solution
Tips
 𝒚=𝟑 𝒙+ 𝟖
Two parallel lines will never
 Compare with  𝟔 𝒚 =𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟗 intersect.

 
Gradient 𝟑 𝒙 𝟗
 
𝒚= −
𝟔 𝟔
Equal   𝟏 𝟑
𝒚= 𝒙−
𝟐 𝟐
 
Gradient

 
The gradient of both straight lines are not equal.
So, is not parallel to
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9.1 STRAIGHT LINES
Example 10
 Given that the straight line is parallel to the straight line .

solution
If both straight lines are parallel, then the gradients are equal.
Two parallel lines will never
For  𝟒 𝒙 +𝟑 𝒚 =𝟏𝟖 For  𝟐 𝒙 +𝒉𝒚 = 𝟐𝟎 For,intersect.

 𝟑 𝒚=− 𝟒 𝒙+𝟏𝟖  𝒉𝒚 =− 𝟐 𝒙 +𝟐𝟎   𝟒 𝟐

− =−
  𝒚 =− 𝟒 𝒙 + 𝟔   𝟐 𝟐𝟎 𝟑 𝒉
𝒚 =− 𝒙+   𝒉 =𝟐 × 𝟑
𝟑 𝒉 𝒉
 
Gradient  
Gradient 𝟒
  𝒉= 𝟑
𝟐

  𝟑
𝒉=
𝟐

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