Motion & Measurement

of Distance
By Raghav Sri Sai Vishnu
Topics to be covered
Introduction

Rest and Motion

Types of motion
Objects having more than one type of motion

Uniform and Non-uniform motion

Important parameters of motion
Distance, Displacement, Speed, Velocity, Acceleration
Standard unit of measurement
Multiples and sub multiples of units
Measurement of length, volume, mass
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction

What are we trying to measure?

Distance
 Distance

Total path length an object travels from initial to

final position. Its S.I unit is meter (m)
OR
The length of the space between two points or two
places is known as the distance
 Physical Quantity

A quantity that can be measured and expressed in numbers, is

called a physical quantity
 Unit
Internationally accepted reference standard to measure a physical quantity.

Number of units is comparatively lesser than number of physical quantities

Unit of measurement

1st

2nd
Unit of measurement

To measure any physical quantity, we need to know

Magnitude: The amount

Unit: What is the scale used to measure
Different units to measure lengths
  1
Milli 10
  −3
𝑚 0.001 𝑚
 
1000
𝑚

Centi 10
  −2
𝑚   0.01 𝑚   1
100
𝑚

Deci 10−1 𝑚
    0.1 𝑚   1 𝑚
10

Meter   1𝑚   1𝑚   1𝑚
Deca   10 𝑚   10 𝑚   10 𝑚
Hecto   2
10 𝑚   100 𝑚 100 𝑚
 

Kilo   103 𝑚   1000 𝑚   1000 𝑚

Disadvantages with traditional units
No uniformity in size

Foot Cubit Finger

Disadvantages with traditional units

No uniformity in size
Correct measurement of length
Scale should be in contact with object
Measurement should be taken from zero mark
Correct measurement of length
Scale should be in contact with object
Measurement should be taken from zero mark
Correct measurement of length
Scale should be in contact with object
Measurement should be taken from zero mark
Eyes should be in front of point where measurement is taken
Precautions to be taken to measure the length of a straight line

1. Placement of ruler: The ruler should be in direct contact with the object
placed on a flat surface and kept along the length of the object
Precautions to be taken to measure the length of a straight line

2. Looking at the point of measurement from different angles, we might

get an error. This error is called parallax error.
Precautions to be taken to measure the length of a straight line

2. Looking at the point of measurement from different angles, we might

get an error. This error is called parallax error.
Precautions to be taken to measure the length of a straight line

c. Broken ends: If the end of the scale is broken at the zero mark you can use any
other full mark on the scale. To get the length, subtract the reading of this full
mark from the reading of the other end
 Measuring length of a curved line

Length of a curved line can be measured using a thread and a divider.

Range of lengths
Special units:

For extremely small lengths: Fermi, Angstrom

 
1 𝐴 𝑜= 10−10 𝑚
 Range of lengths

Special units:
For extremely large lengths:
• Astronomical Unit (AU)
• Light year

 1 AU =1.495 x 1011 m
 1ly =9.461 x 10 15 m
Some Unification
▪ MKS System: Length is measured in meter(M), mass is measured in
Kilogram(K) and time is measured in Second(S). Developed in France in 1970.

▪ CGS System: Length is measured in centimeter(C), mass is

measured in Gram(G) and time is measured in Second(S).
▪ FPS System: Length is measured in Foot(F), mass is
measured in Pound(P) and time is measured in Second(S).

MK CGS FPS
What is Motion?
▪ Change in position with time
Motion Examples:
▪ Change in position with time
Motion Examples:
▪ Change in position with time
 Motion

▪ Motion is any kind of change in the position of the object

with time.
▪ Some objects can move while others are stationary
INTRO to Rest & Motion
▪ We observe in our daily life various moving objects like
cars, buses, water flowing down etc. We also often talk of
how fast or slow, an object is moving by comparing the
distances travelled by the objects in a given time interval.

▪ In this chapter we shall learn to describe moving objects

and measure various physical quantities.
REST AND MOTION

▪ If the position of an object does not change with the

time with respect to its surroundings, it is said to be
at rest.

Eg. A box lying on the table, a baby lying in his cot, a

PC lying on the table etc.
REST AND MOTION

▪ If the position of an object changes with time with

respect to its surroundings, it is said to be in motion

Eg. A bird is flying in the air, a ball rolling on the

ground are a few examples of objects in motion.
REST AND MOTION are relative
REST AND MOTION are relative terms
The same object can be at rest or in motion at a time. A
person sittings in a' moving train is at rest with respect to the
other passengers in the train but he is in motion w.r.t. a man
standing on the ground.

Distance covered by a moving body can never be zero or

negative but displacement of a moving body can be zero or
negative
Distance and displacement

▪ For e.g., a person goes to the market which is 1 km away

from his home (assume path is straight line) then the
distance and displacement both are 1 km but when he
reaches back to home the distance covered by him is
1km + 1 km = 2 km while the displacement is 1 km- 1
km= zero as he comes back to his initial point.
 Questions

Radha is sitting in a moving bus, and her brother is waving to her

from outside this bus. So, Radha is in a state of ___________

(A)rest for her brother and state of motion with respect to the bus
(B)motion for her brother and state of rest with respect to the bus
(C)rest with respect to the bus as well as to her brother
(D)motion with respect to the bus as well as to her brother
Questions

Centimetre is the ________ unit of length. 

(A) MKS
(B) CGS
(C) FPS
(D) SI
Questions
1 mm is one ________part of a metre

(A) 10th
(B) 100th
(C) 1000th
(D) 10000th
Questions
1 hectometre = ________ m

(A) 1
(B) 10
(C) 100
(D) 1000
 Questions
The length of a rod is measured with a scale which is broken from
0 cm to 3 cm. If the length of the rod measured using this broken
scale is 30 cm, then what is the correct length of the rod? 

(A)33
(B)30
(C)27
(D)36
 Questions
If an object changes its position with respect to its
reference point, then that object is in _________. 

(A)State of motion
(B)State of rest
(C)State of reference
(D)Vibratory motion
 Questions
If 1 inch = 2.5 cm 1 yard = ______ cm
1 inch = 2.5 cm
(A)36 We know that
(B)100 1 yard= 36 inches.
(C)90 So, 1 yard= 36×2.5
(D)30 1 yard = 90 cm 

1 yard = 3ft
1 foot = 12 inches
 Questions

20 decametre = _____ m and 10 decimetre = _____ m 

(A)0.2, 1
(B)0.01, 200
(C)200, 0.01
(D)2000, 0.1
 Types of Motion
1. Translatory motion
Rectilinear motion /Curvilinear motion /Random motion
2. Circular motion
3. Rotatory motion
4. Periodic motion
4b. Oscillatory/Vibratory motion
5. Rolling motion
6. Sliding motion
 1. Translatory motion
Translatory motion: When a body moves as a whole such that
every point on it moves through the same distance in a given
time, it is said to be in translatory motion.
 1(a). Rectilinear motion
(a) Rectilinear motion:  Motion along a straight line is called
rectilinear motion. The motion of a train along a straight track
and a ball falling vertically downwards are examples of
rectilinear motion
 1(b). Curvilinear motion
Curvilinear motion:  Motion of a body along a curved path is
called curvilinear motion. For e.g., A racing car speeding on a
race track, throwing of javelin etc.
 1(c). Random motion
Random motion:  Motion of a body in random direction.
Example: random motion of ants
 2. Circular motion
Circular motion:  Motion of a body in a circular path is called
circular motion. The body moves such that its distance from the
centre of the circular path remains same. For e.g., revolution of
earth around the sun.
 3. Rotatory motion
Rotatory motion:  If a body moves in a round path without
changing its position from one point to another, then its motion
is called rotatory motion. For e.g., a spinning top, rotation of
earth etc.
 3. Rotatory motion
Rotatory motion:  If a body moves in a round path without
changing its position from one point to another, then its motion
is called rotatory motion. For e.g., a spinning top, rotation of
earth etc.
4. Periodic or Non-periodic motion
Periodic motion:  motion repeated in equal intervals of time. Periodic
motion is performed, for example, by a rocking chair, a bouncing ball, a
vibrating tuning fork, a swing in motion, the Earth in its orbit around the
Sun, and a water wave.
 4(a). Simple Harmonic Motion

SHM:  is a special case of periodic motion. In the examples given

above, the rocking chair, the tuning fork, the swing, and the
water wave execute simple harmonic motion, but the bouncing
ball and the Earth in its orbit do not.
 4(b). Oscillatory Motion
Oscillatory/Vibratory motion: The to and fro motion of an
object about a mean position is known as oscillatory or
vibratory motion. Motion of a swing, movement of pendulum of
a clock are examples of oscillatory motion.  
 5. Rolling Motion
Rolling motion: Rolling is a type of motion that combines
rotation (commonly, of an axially symmetric object) and
translation of that object with respect to a surface

Centre point undergoes

translational
 6. Sliding Motion
Sliding motion: Sliding is a type of frictional motion between
two surfaces in contact. This can be contrasted to rolling motion
 7. Reciprocating motion
Reciprocating motion: moving saw back and forth.
 Types of Motion
▪ Do You Know?
▪ Every oscillatory motion is periodic but
every periodic motion is not oscillatory.
▪ Uniform and non-uniform motion can be
rectilinear or circular
UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM MOTION
Uniform motion: An object is said to have uniform
motion if it travels equal distances in equal
intervals of time.

Example: The motion of the earth about its axis, the

motion of watch hands etc.  
UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM MOTION
Non-uniform motion: An object is said to have non-
uniform motion, if it travels unequal distances in
equal intervals of time.  

Example: Motion of a train, when it approaches

towards a station. 
Thank you