Electric Vehicles

UNIT- V: CHARGING TECHNOLOGY IN EV AND GRID CONNECTION

Course Faculty
P S P R SWAMY M.E., (Ph.D)
Assistant Professor, EEE Dept., SRKR Engineering College (Autonomous)
Bhimavaram
Topics in Unit-V

Introduction to charging mechanism, Various Charging Algorithms

for EVs, EVs in infrastructure system, Integration of EVs in smart
grid

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Basic block diagram for EV battery charging

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Charging Technologies
• Normal Charging
 [1-ph AC, 110 – 240 V, 13 – 20 A, 2 – 4 KW]
• Opportunity charging
 [3-ph AC, 110 – 240 V, 32 – 80 A, 8 – 20 KW]
• Fast Charging
 [DC, 200 – 450 V, 80 – 200 A, 36 – 90 KW]
• Battery swapping

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Normal Charging
[1-ph AC, 110 – 240 V, 13 – 20 A, 2 – 4 KW]

• In normal charging, we use a system, which is single phase AC system with the
available voltage varying from 110 to 240 volts.
• Currents varying between 13 Amps to 20 Amps with the power level of 2 to 4 KW.
• This type of charging is used in homes, garages, and residential car parking.
• This kind of charging takes a longer time, typically 5 to 8 hours and it is done
mostly in the night time.
• It does not burden the power system, on the other hand it helps the power system
for load leveling.
• since the other loads are very less on the power system during that time.

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Opportunity charging
[3-ph AC, 110 – 240 V, 32 – 80 A, 8 – 20 KW]

• But Normal type of charging is not very popular among customers

• since most of them wants quick charging and they want to use the vehicle all
around the day.
• There is another type of charging, which is known as opportunity charging.
• This system uses 3 phase AC with the system voltage of 110 to 240 volts with the
current varying anywhere between 32-80 Amps and the power range of 8 to 20
KW.
• This type of charging system is used in public charging places or public parking
places.
• This kind of charging does not put significant stress on power systems, since it is
intermittent throughout the day.

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 Fast Charging
[DC, 200 – 450 V, 80 – 200 A, 36 – 90 KW]

• Fast charging uses the DC system with system voltage of 200 volts to 450 volts and
current ranging from 80 to 200 Amps with the power level of 36 to 90 KW.
• As the name suggest, it is a fast charging algorithm and it charges the battery by direct
DC voltage.
• This kind of charging system charges the battery in 20 to 30 minutes and the battery
reaches typically 80% of its full charge capacity in the 30 minutes.
• But it involves heavy charging platform, it requires a dedicated charging stations and
dedicated hardware and safety protections in place.

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 Battery swapping

• There is another type of charging known as battery swapping.

• It is not actual charging, basically it is swapping the batteries at the charging station.
• The vehicle owner can go to the battery swapping station and replace his battery, which
will take typically 5 to 10 minutes
• It is very convenient for a vehicle owner.
• Secondly, the discharged batteries, which were taken by the charging stations can charge
those battery during off peak hours, means during the night time.
• This kind of charging scheme doesn’t put any stress on power system, rather it helps it.
• The drawback of this kind of scheme is, it requires a very large space for the charging
starting to mechanically swap the batteries

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Benefits of Charging Technologies
• Improve the charging efficiency
• Reduce the charging time
• Enhancing the battery life
• Protect the battery

• But you can see that these requirements are conflicting to each other.
• Means if you want to increase the charging time, definitely there are chances that
battery life is reduced and also the charging efficiency will be decreased.
• So the charging algorithm has to come with the optimization algorithm such that the
requirement of the charging scheme is implemented.

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Charging Algorithms

• Constant current charging (CC)

• Constant voltage charging (CV)
• Constant current constant voltage charging (CCCV)
• Multistage charging (MSC)
• Pulse charging
• Trickle charging (TC)

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 Constant current charging
• The higher the amount of current used to charge the battery, the charging time will be
correspondingly less.
• if the current magnitude is reduced, the charging time will increase, but the charging
efficiency will be more. So an optimum current level is maintained such that the
charging efficiency is optimum, together with not allowing the battery temperature to
go up.
• So the end of this charging process is decided based on the voltage level.
• once the battery is charged to its full capacity, the battery voltage will start dropping
rather than increasing, so that decides that this charging needs to be stopped.
• So this charging algorithm requires current sensor for controlling the current, voltage
sensor for stopping the charging, and the temperature sensor for thermal protection.

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Constant voltage charging (CV)

• There is another scheme, which is known as constant voltage charging, which is

very popular and is normally used for charging lead acid batteries.
• Since the name says, it is a constant voltage system based charging, but it has to be
current limited.
• So in this charging scheme, there is a current limit, which tells the maximum
amount of current that can be allowed to charge the battery.
• So as the battery charges and it attains its full capacity, it is noticed that the current
taken by the battery becomes lesser and lesser and it becomes almost constant and
very low magnitude current flows when battery reaches its full capacity.

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Constant current constant voltage charging (CCCV)

• There is another scheme, which is very popular now a days is constant current,
constant voltage charging.
• So this is a hybrid charging algorithm, which takes advantage of constant current and
constant voltage charging schemes.
• if you want to charge the battery quickly, you should start the charging process with
constant current based method.
• when the voltage or the charge level reaches a threshold, it moves to constant voltage
charging.
• So under constant voltage charging, the current magnitude is relatively less and it will
charge from 80% to the full capacity at very small current magnitude. So this kind of
charging scheme is used in lead acid batteries and lithium ion batteries.

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 Multistage charging (MSC)

• Another type of charging scheme is developed, which is multistage charging scheme.

• So this charging gives variable magnitude of current at different stages of charging.

• It starts with high current magnitude and the magnitude of current decreases as the
charge of the battery increases.
• When the battery is reaching its full capacity, the requirement of current becomes less.
• Which is progressively decreasing from starting towards the end of charging.
• So this is popular in lithium ion batteries

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Pulse charging and Trickle charging (TC)

• Pulse charging is very similar to multistage charging, but this is done in pulses.
• So it gives pulses of current in decreasing fashion. So it starts with a high current
pulse followed by the current pulse of lower magnitude.
• Trickle charging is basically a charging done to keep the battery in charged
condition.
• So once the battery is fully charged and if we left it Unattended, it will discharge
because of self charging and other losses.
• Therefore, this kind of Charging enables keeping the battery in fully charged
condition and supplying only the losses, Which occur due to self discharge.

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Medium of charge transfer
• Conductive (wire)
̶ Simple, low cost and high efficiency
̶ Inconvenient and risk of electrocution

• Wireless
̶ Inevitable power transfer loss and high installation cost
̶ Convenience and free from electrocution

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• These charging schemes can be implemented using wired or wireless.
• The power transfer through wire or charge transfer is conductive in nature.
• It is very simple, low cost, It has high efficiency, but it is very inconvenient and you
require to carry the charging cables and there is also a risk of electrical shock to the
operator.
• So therefore, various wireless based power transfer schemes were developed, which is
known as WPT.
• Which is very convenient and the operator is also free from electrical shock
• But this requires high installation cost, because of the hardware involved.
• Secondly, there is chances of high power loss, which will decrease the charging
efficiency.

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Medium of charge transfer

Conductive (Wire)
AC type DC type

- Simple, low cost and high efficiency

- Inconvenient and risk of electrocution

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Conductive power transfer

Conductive AC
charging power
block diagram

Off-board On-board

Conductive DC
charging power
block diagram

Off-board On-board

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Wireless/Inductive power transfer

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Inductive Power Transfer (IPT)

Road Surface

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 Inductive Power Transfer (IPT)
• It transfers energy through inductive coupling. So basically there will be two coils, one
on the charging coupler and one inside the vehicle.
• So the power is taken from the grid, which will be 50 to 60 Hz, it is rectified and
converted to DC voltage.
• After that, it is inverted using an inverter and AC voltage is generated at very high
frequency in the range of 60 to 80 KHz.
• So the power will be transferred using inductive medium and it is available on the
secondary side, which is again rectified and converted to regulated DC.
• This DC voltage is used to charge the battery using DC-DC power converter. So this is
the scheme of inductive power transfer.

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Inductive Power Transfer (IPT)
• Park and charge

Secondary Coil

Road Surface

Primary Coil
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Park and charge
• In order to facilitate charging during parking hours, a system is developed
where the inductive coils will be installed on the floor of the parking area.
• So primary coil will be installed in the basement of the parking area and
secondary coil will be installed on the chassis of the vehicle.
• Whenever vehicle is parked, an automatic charging can be enabled, such that
there is no inconvenience to the driver or the operator.
• This kind of charging scheme uses magnetic resonant coupling phenomenon,
such that power will be transferred efficiently
• And during power transfer the non resonant object such as metal body or the
driver is unaffected by it. So the protection is kind of in-built in this kind of
scheme.

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 Inductive Power Transfer (IPT)
• Move and charge

Charging
Zone/Lane Power Receiver

Road Surface

Power Transmitters
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 Move and charge
• There is also a thinking to charge this vehicle when they are moving on the road.
• This can in some areas of the city, where lot of primary coils will be installed over half a
km or 1 km.
• So when the vehicle moves on this kind of lanes the power will be transferred to the
vehicle using inductive phenomenon. So this kind of scheme enables various advantages.
• such as since the vehicle can be charged on the go.
 The requirement of the battery size can be less. Because the user is able to charge the
batteries multiple times during moving.
 Secondly, the anxiety of driving range will also be minimized,
• But implementation of this schemes requires multiple things. Firstly, the charging
scheme may observe different resonant frequencies because of the vertical distance and
the horizontal distance.
• Secondly, when such a charging zone or lanes were developed, they should consider a
uniformity in the magnetic field all around the road, such that the coupling can be same
and charging can be done properly with high efficiency
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 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MBvuJbCq9kI

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Battery Management System (BMS)

• Measure voltage, current and temperature data in real time and log it for the
following
̶ Cell balancing, thermal management
̶ Protections: over voltage, over current, and over heat
̶ State of charge (SOC)
̶ State of health (SOH)
̶ State of power (SOP)

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• Another important thing which has to be done is a communication protocol has to
be developed such that the vehicle that are meant to be charged are only charged
and not all the vehicles moving on the road.
• Therefore, battery management systems are developed. So these systems measure
voltage, current, and temperature data of the battery in real time and log it for different
estimations.
• First thing is this kind of measurement can help for cell balancing. since there are
different cells in a battery pack, they may not be charged equally during charging and
discharging cycle. So there are some passive and active cell balancing techniques, which
needs to be enabled to achieve cell balancing.
• And thermal management is important for thermal protections, it enables other
protections such as over voltage and over current also.

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• Using the charging and discharging data, the BMS can estimate the state of charge
of the battery.
• It means it can estimate the ratio of the present charge to the full charge capacity.
• This will enable the driver to take decisions about the range the vehicle can go.
• Similarly, the state of health is very important for the driver to know, with respect
to vehicle performance and lifecycle.
• When battery is charged and discharged many times, it loses the capacity of
charging to its full capacity, which is designed originally.

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Vehicle to Grid

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 Vehicle to Grid Technologies
V2G is a emerging technology comprising
̶ Gridable EVs
̶ Utility grid or Power Systems
̶ Information Technology

Schematic of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept

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• The EVs can be connected to grid, utility or power system, and information
technology.
• We all know that electric vehicles use batteries for energy storage systems
• if EV is capable of connecting to grid, it is possible to use those batteries as power
generators
• And it is possible to interchange energy between the battery and the grid or grid to
the battery while charging.
• Therefore, this technology enables integration of energy flow and the information
flow such that both the EV owners and the power grid or the power system gets
benefited.

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Vehicle to Grid Technologies
Filling Station

GRID
Transport PHEV, REV V2G

GRID
Transport BEV V2G

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Vehicle to Grid Technologies
• The EVs which can be connected to grid are known as grid-able EVs.
• In hybrid electric vehicle, PHEV and REV are grid-able, means they can be
connected to grid for charging the battery.
• They can be also charged using petrol or diesel from a filling station.
• A BEV always charges the battery from grid, but it is also possible to connect these
two systems such that they can enable the power flow from the vehicle to the grid.
• This system requires the capability to transfer energy both from the grid to vehicle
and from vehicle to grid.

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Vehicle to Grid Technologies
V2G is a new business model
• EVs can communicate with the grid
̶ Deliver power to the grid
̶ Control the charging rate
• EVs are unused 95% of the time
• Each EV can store/generate 4 KWH to 80 KWH
• It require mass scale use of EVs
• May now effect power system dynamics/stability

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• We can also see this V2G as emerging a new business model.
• What it requires, it requires communication of EVs with the grid operators such that not
only we can control the energy flow from the battery to the grid, we can also control the
charging rate of the batteries.
• We all know that any vehicle or electric vehicle for that case, are unused for 90% of the
time, so it will be remaining ideal in a parking area.
• We can see that all these batteries, if they are connected to grid, while they are parked,
• Each EV can typically store between 4 kWhr to 80 kWhr,
• If typically 20 to 40% penetration is there in the vehicle segment. It can create its own
autonomous power storage as well as power generator capacity. So this is the
coordination of a new business, and is a new opportunity, and a new technology, which
is under development.
• But now the system also has to take care of the power system dynamics and stability. So
if you bring a new generator whose dynamics is different from the present grid, we have
to start studies such that it understands the effect of these systems to the present utility
grid.
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Need for power aggregators
• Individual EVs V2G action is ineffective/inefficient
• Create a pool of EVs and communicate to the grid
• Performs energy arbitrage internally within pool
̶ Enable V2V, V2B, V2H intra-grid operations
̶ Minimizes power demand and losses
̶ Optimizes voltage deviations, Total Harmonic Distortion
̶ Estimate process for maximum profit

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Vehicle to Grid Technologies
V2H

GRID
V2G
V2V Aggregator-1

V2H

Building
V2B

GRID
V2G
V2V Aggregator-2

V2B

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V2G application in Power Systems
• Coordinated charging and peak sharing
• Active regulation
• Spinning reserve
• Motor Starting
• Reactive regulation
• Renewable transients etc.

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 Thank you…!!!

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