LTE TDD Basics and Key Technologies

LTE TDD Basics and Key Technologies
Training Materials
ZTE Corp.
TDD Product Support Team
Editor: Xu Jiqian
E-mail : Xu.Jiqian@zte.com.cn
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Contents
LTE TDD Background
LTE TDD System Architecture
LTE TDD Basics
LTE TDD Key Technologies

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Development of Mobile Telecommunications

2nd generation in the 90s 3rd generation
1st generation in the 80s
Digital IMT-2000
Analog
Digital technology
AMPS GSM
Analog technology
Bandwidth service
Voice service
UMTS
CDMA WCDMA
TACS IS95
Demand-driven Demand-driven CDMA
NMT TDMA 2000
IS-136
Others TD-
PDC SCDMA
The 3rd mobile communications

The ultimate goal of the
technology:
development of mobile
telecommunications is the WCDMA
realization of communication with CDMA2000
whomever wherever who is and TD-SCDMA
whenever it is.
WiMAX (IEEE 802.16d-802.16n)
© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved. 3
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Evolution Path-Radio Technology Development Route
LTE has become the mainstream mobile telecommunications technology. The multi-technology coexistence will
continue for a long time and ultimately develop to one single network.
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Why LTE
As the data service demand increases

tremendously, how to maintain the
competitiveness of 3GPP in the long run?
UL 50Mbps\DL 100Mbps ?
LTE
As IEEE exported big rivals, how to win the
battle against WiMAX?
Long Term Throughput of WiMAX >> WCDMA\TD-
Evolution SCDMA!
The 4G network is approaching, which technology

among all the technologies will be favored by the
ITU and then become the 4G standard?
GSM—>WCDMA\TD-SCDMA—>?

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What is LTE?
There are FDD and TDD modes.
When OFDM and MIMO are adopted, the peak data rate is:
DL 100 Mbps
UL 50 Mbps
The flat and all-IP network architecture reduces time delay of the
system.
CP: stay - activation<100 ms; sleep– activation<50 ms
UP: at least 5 ms
The processing capability of the control plane: no less than 200
users at a 5-M broadband in a single cell.
Spectrum efficiency: 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz,
20 MHz
The spectrum efficiency is improved two to three times that of
3G.

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LTE Frequency (TDD)

Global Market
E-UTRA Band Uplink/downlink [MHz] Duplex Mode

33 1900-1920 TDD
34 2010-2025 TDD
35 1850-1910 TDD
36 1930-1990 TDD
37 1910-1930 TDD
38 2570-2620 TDD
39 1880-1920 TDD
40 2300-2400 TDD
41 2496-2690 TDD
42 3400-3600 TDD
43 3600-3800 TDD
 For the public network market, the mainstream band for LTE TDD are 2.3 GMHz and 2.6 GMHz.
 For the private network market, the mainstream band for LTE TDD are 1.4 GMHz (1447 MHz to
1467 MHz) and 1.8 GMHz (1785 MHz to 1805 MHz).

Domestic TDD Frequency Band > 内部公开
Analysis and Usage

China
China Mobile’s
Mobile’s TDD
TDD Frequency
Frequency Spectrum
Spectrum
Band A Indoor TDD 5M(2010-2015MHz)

15M
15M Indoor+Outdoor: TDS 15M
2010 MHz -2025 MHz Outdoor TDD 10M (2015-2025MHz)
Band F Indoor TDD 10M (1880-1890 MHz)

20M->35M Outdoor LTE TDD 20M (1880-1900MHz )
20M->35M
1880 MHz-1920 MHz Outdoor TDD 10M (1890-1900 MHz) Outdoor TDS 10M (1900-1910MHz ）
Band E
Indoor TDD 10M (2320-2330MHz) 50M
50M Indoor TDS/LTE TDD 50M
2320 MHz-2370MHz
Band D 60M
60M Outdoor LTE TDD
2575 MHz-2635MHz
China
China Unicom’s
Unicom’s TDD
TDD Frequency
Frequency Spectrum
Spectrum China
China Telecom’s
Telecom’s TDD
TDD Frequency
Frequency Spectrum
Spectrum
Band E Reserved bands Band E

20M
20M Indoor LTE TDD 20M
20M Indoor LTE TDD
2300 MHz-2320MHz of 1.4G, 3.5G, 2370 MHz-2390MHz
and 3.6G
Band D Band D
20M
20M Outdoor LTE TDD unallocated 20M
20M Outdoor LTE TDD
2555-2575MHz 2635 MHz-2655MHz

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LTE Industry Chain
System Vendor Terminal Vendor Chip Vendor Test Device Vendor

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Contents
LTE TDD Background
LTE TDD Basics

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Architecture Of the LTE TDD Network Multimedia conference
MRS server
PGM 业务
service Video surveillance
Service Platform
MRS 服务器 PGM 多媒体会议视频监控
Service Platform provides a variety of services
Any other EPC PORTAL IP Backhaul

IP 承载网
network Network
FW EPC Core Network
DNS S-GW Function access at the CN layer
GPRS HSS/HLR EPC
CG
MME
Core Network UE data storage and authentication
Charging center
CMNET
FW
OMCB channel CE1 CE2

Backhaul Network
Single/dual/multi-mode Provides radio BS transmission and IP
2/3G OMC
CN PTN planning
Network Provides the route that the radio BS
2\3G
RNC\BSC directs at the CN and the OMC radio
无线网 Radio Network

UE access at the RAN side
eNodeB NodeB+eNodeB
eNodeB+BTS

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LTE Network Structure at the RAN Side

Separation of media plane
Flat network architecture
from control plane
Able to interconnect with

conventional networks RNC+NodeB=eNodeB
All IP
The flat network reduces time delay of the system so as to

improve UE experience and provide more services.
The number of NEs is reduced to make the network
deployment simpler and network maintenance easier.
The central control system in the RNC is cancelled to avoid
the single point failure, which improves the network stability.
E-UTRAN has only one node as NE, that is the eNodeB.

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Basic eNodeB Functions

eNB The eNodeB is used for radio access
Inter Cell RRM to the LTE network. The eNodeB has
RB Control all functions of the NodeB defined by
the 3GPP in a 3G network and most
Connection Mobility Cont.
functions of an RNC. To be specific,
Radio Admission Control MME
the functions include:
eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision NAS Security Physical layer functions
MAC, RLC, and PDCP functions
Dynamic Resource Idle State Mobility
Allocation (Scheduler) Handling
RRC functions
RRC PDCP Resource
SAE Bearer Control scheduling
RLC Radio resource management
SAE Gateway
MAC S1 Radio access control
Mobility Anchoring
PHY Mobile management
internet
E-UTRAN EPC

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S1 Interface Protocols for LTE

 UP:
User plane PDUs S1-AP
The interface of the user plane is located
between the eNodeB and the S-GW. The
transmission network layer is built over the IP
transmission. The GTP-U above the UDP/IP is
GTP-U used to carry the PDU on the UP.
SCTP
UDP
 CP ： IP
IP
The interface of the S1 control plane is located between
Data link layer the eNodeB and the MME. The transmission network
Data link layer
uses the IP for transmission like the case in the UP;
Physical layer Physical layer
To securely transmit signaling messages, add the
SCTP above the IP layer; the signaling protocol of the
UP application layer is S1-AP. CP

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X2 Interface Protocols for LTE

 UP:
User plane PDUs X2-AP
The X2 UP interface is between eNodeBs, and the
UE protocol stack is shown in the figure on the left.
The transmission network layer of E-UTRAN is IP-
based. GTP-U is used above UDP/IP to transfer
GTP-U PDUs of the UP.
SCTP
UDP
 CP ：
The X2 CP interface is between eNodeBs , and the IP
IP
UE protocol stack is shown in the figure on the Data link layer
Data link layer right. The transmission network layer uses the IP
Physical layer and SCTP protocols while the signaling protocol of Physical layer
the application layer is the X2-AP application
protocol of X2.
UP CP

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X1 Interface for LTE (Uu) Control Plane

Service Plane UE eNB MME
NAS NAS
UE eNB
RRC RRC
PDCP PDCP
PDCP PDCP
RLC RLC
RLC RLC
MAC MAC MAC MAC
PHY PHY
PHY PHY
 CP ：
 UP ： The control plane of E-UTRAN includes NAS, RRC, PDCP,
The service data is sent and received over the air
RLC, MAC, and PHY. As for the protocol termination point
interface. The protocol stack includes four protocols at the network side, only NAS is in MME and the other
such as PDCP, RLC, MAC, and PHY.
protocol layers terminates at the eNodeB.

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LTE Network Structure-at the CN Side

Control plane traffic Operator's Services SAE-GW:
User plane traffic SGW+PGW
Rx
SGi
S6d PCRF
HSS S2a/c Non 3GPP
PGW S2b Access Network
Gx ePDG
S6a
S4 S10x
SGW
S11 S5 (GTP)
S10x Mobility
SGSN MME
S3 based on MIP
EPC
S10
S1-U Handover
S1-MME 3GPP
Optimization
BSC RNC CS Core
eNodeB
BTS NodeB
Flat, multi-access, separation of control from bearer, all IP

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Main Functions of the EPC NEs

MME Serving GW PDN GW HSS PCRF
Local anchors for Packet

NAS
filtering based on
signaling processing switchover between users
Securityprotection of the eNodeBs PCRF is shortened from
Valid EPC HSS is shortened
listening
NAS signaling Data cache and triggering from Evolved Packet Policy and Charging Rules
IP address distribution
Mobility management of of the Service Request Core Home Sub- Function.
Packet marking on the
different nodes defined by process at the network side scriber Server. It is based on the users’
3GPP transmission layer in UL and
in E-UTRAN idle mode subscription information, the
DL
Tracking and accessibility Valid listening Application Function( AF)’s
PCC EPC HSS is a
of idle mobile terminals Data packet routing and session information, the
database for storing
TA List management DL rate control based on Quality of Service (QoS)
transferring UE data and services.
Selection
AMBR of non-GBR strategy for session bearing
of PDN GW and Packet marking on the IT stores the
Serving GW DLrate control based on and services, and the charging
transmission layer in UL and subscription
Selection
MBR of GBR rule decision
of the MME and DL information of UEs,
DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 It sends the rules to the
the SGSN Statistics
based on users including basic labels,
(client, server) routing information, Policy and Charging
Valid listening and QCI granularities (for
Bearing binding in UL and and service Enforcement Function (PCEF)
Roaming control charging between operators)
DL information. to execute the relevant
Security certification Charging in the UL and DL
Bearing binding strategy control and charging
Bearing management based on users, PDN, and
verification in the UL control.
QCI granularities
Similar to CP functions of the SGSN
Similar to UP functions of the SGSN Similar to the GGSN functions

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Description of Network Interfaces for the EPC

Interface Protocol Code Relevant Entity Interface Function
GTP protocols are used to build tunnels between the MME and
S11 GTPv2 29.274 MME – S-GW the GW devices for transferring signaling messages.
GTP protocols are used to build tunnels between the MME and
S3 GTPv2 29.274 MME – SGSN the SGSN devices for transferring signaling messages.
GTP protocols are used to build tunnels between the S-GW and
S4 GTPv2 29.274 S-GW – SGSN the SGSN devices for transferring data and signaling messages.
This intends to finish the users’ information exchange and

S6a Diameter 29.272 MME - HSS management of their subscription information.
GTP protocols are used to build tunnels between the MME
S10 GTPv2 29.274 MME - MME devices for transferring signaling messages.
S12 GTPv1 29.060 S-GW – UTRAN A tunnel is built between UTRAN and the GW to transfer data.
P-GW – Trusted
This interface is used to transfer access information of non-3GPP
S2a PMIPv6/MIPv4 RFC5213 Non-3GPP IP access services.
Accesse
GTP protocols are used to build tunnels between the GW
S5/S8 GTPv2 29.274 S-GW – P-GW devices for transferring packets.

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LTE Network Architecture-Femto Networking

CN-OSS
Control Plane
User Plane
O&M HeNB
GW
Femto
MME
Internet
SeGW
Femto
HeMS
Femto
AAA HSS
S-GW
HeNB This is the Femto’s radio access point for radio access relevant processes.
SeGW This is the security gateway to ensure secure transmission of data over S1 of the unsecure transmission
network.
HeNB GW This is the Femto gateway to finish agency service functions of relevant processes of CP/UP over S1.
HeMS This acts as the OMC system for the Femto network. It provides management functions concerning HeNB
access authentication, alarms, and performances.
AAA+HSS This is used to connect to the SeGW to realize the security authentication of the HeNB USIM card.
CN-OSS This is used to manage devices such as SeGW, HeNB GW, AAA, and HSS. It is used to connect to the BOSS.
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Overall Protocol Stack for the LTE Network
MME
UE eNB NAS
S1AP
NAS
APP SCTP
RRC RRC S1AP X2AP
IP Signaling flow
PDCP PDCP SCTP
Data flow
RLC RLC IP
SGW
MAC MAC GTPU
GTPU
PHY PHY UDP
UDP
IP

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Contents
LTE TDD Background
LTE TDD Basics

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Contents
LTE TDD Basics
 LTE TDD Physical Resource Allocation
 LTE TDD Physical Channel and Signal
 LTE TDD Physical Layer Process
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Spatial Resource-Antenna Ports

 LTE uses the antenna port to distinguish the spatial resources. The antenna port is defined
from the perspective of the receiver. That is, if the receiver is required to distinguish the
difference of resources in space, multiple antenna ports need to be defined. Currently, the
following six types of antenna ports are defined in LTE:
 Antenna port for the cell-specific reference signal: 0 ； 0,1 ； 0,1,2,3
ANT Port 1  Antenna port for the MBSFN reference signal: 4
 Antenna port for the PDSCH terminal-specific reference signal: 5 ； 7 ； 8 ；
7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14
ANT Port 2
 Antenna port for the PDCCH demodulation-specific reference signal: 107,108,109,110
 Antenna port for the positioning-specific reference signal: 6
 Antenna port for CSI reference signals: 15 ； 15,16 ； 15,16,17,18 ；
15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22
 There is no one-to-one mapping between antenna interfaces and physical antenna ports.

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Frequency Resources-Subcarriers
Bandwidth filter
Subcarrier transition zone
In LTE, a sampling period of NFFT=2048
zone
Subcarrier transition
is used. The defined basic time unit:
Void fill Void fill
Ts = 1/Fs = 1/(15000x2048) s=32.55208
sub-
carrier Valid subcarrier sub-
carrier ns
Note: All time domain resources are
indicated through the time unit Ts.
Subcarrier Subcarrier 1625

425
LTE uses orthogonal subcarriers to

Channel Bandwidth
differentiate resources of the frequency 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
(Unit: MHz)
domain with the subcarrier spacing of 15
Regular
KHz or 7.5 KHz. 72 180 300 600 900 1200
Number of carrier
subcarriers Multicast
144 360 600 1200 1800 2400
carrier
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Time Resources-LTE Radio Frame
 LTE supports two types of radio frame structures: Type 1 is suitable

to FDD; Type 2 is suitable to TDD.
Frame Structure Type1 for FDD Type1 Frame Structure

Each 10 ms radio frame is
divided into 20 timeslots and 10
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms subframes.
One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms Each subframe is 1 ms and
involves two timeslots, that is,
#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19 each timeslot is 0.5 ms.

The transmission is executed at
One subframe different frequencies in both UL
and DL .

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Time Resources- LTE Radio Frame

One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms
One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms Type2 Frame Structure

Each 10 ms radio
Frame structure Type 2
One slot, for TDD frame is divided into two
Tslot=15360Ts 30720Ts
5 ms subframes.
Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9 Each subframe
One subframe,
30720Ts consists of eight 0.5 ms
DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS
timeslots and three
special zones (DwPTS,
In the time domain , each 1 ms subframe is divided into multiple Symbols, among
which, CPs are available. The number of Symbols within each subframe depends on GP, and UpPTS), that is,
the CP between the Symbols : for regular CPs, 1 ms involves 14 symbols, for the “8+3” scheme.
extended CPs, 1 ms involves 12 symbols.
The overall length of
DwPTS, GP, and UpPTS is
1 ms, in which, DwPTS
and UpPTS are
configurable.
（ When time domain resource is estimated, CPs are often neglected. Take 2192Ts as the length of a symbol .

Time Resources-TDD Radio Frame
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Configuration Ratio Normal cyclic prefix in DL Extended cyclic prefix in DL

Index
“D”indicates that the subframe DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS
is used for DL transmission;
“U”indicates that the subframe 0 3 (6592Ts) 10 (21936Ts) 3 (7680Ts) 8 (20848Ts) 1 OFDM
1 OFDM
is used for UL transmission; Symbols
1 9 (19760Ts) 4 (8768Ts) Symbols 8 (20480Ts) 3 (8048Ts)
“S”indicates the special
2192Ts
subframe consisting of the DwPTS, 2 10 (21952Ts) 3 (6576Ts) 9 (23040Ts) 2 (5488Ts)
GP, and UpPTS. 2192Ts \
3 11 (24144Ts) 2 (4384Ts) \ 10 (25600Ts) 1 (2928Ts) 2560Ts
2560Ts
4 12 (26336Ts) 1 (2192Ts) 3 (7680Ts) 7 (18656Ts) 2 OFDM
Subframe number Symbols
5 3 (6592Ts) 9 (19744Ts) 8 (20480Ts) 2 (5856Ts)
DL-to-UL 2 OFDM
4384Ts
Index Switch-point 6 9 (19760Ts) 3 (6576Ts) Symbols 9 (23040Ts) 1 (3296Ts)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 \
periodicity
7 10 (21952Ts) 2 (4384Ts) 5 (12800Ts) 5 (13536Ts) 5120Ts
4384Ts
0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U 8 11 (24144Ts) 1 (2192Ts) \ - - -
5120Ts
1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D 9 6 (13168Ts) 6 (13168Ts) - - -
2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D
3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D
The length of DwPTS/GP/UpPTS in the
special subframe is configurable, with the
4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D overall length of
5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D DwPTS+GP+UpPTS=1ms=30720Ts .
6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved. 28
Time Resource-Coexisting At Adjacent Frequenc
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y with TD-SCDMA
TD-S = 3:3 TD-LTE = 2:2 + ?
特殊时隙：
Special timeslot:
DwPTS = 75us Ta=675us*3+125us=2150us
Offset=1000us*4- GP = 75us Ta
675us*4-125us- 675us 切换点对齐
UpPTS = 125us Aligned switch points
75us-75us=1025us
TD-S无线帧 TS0-DL TS1-UL TS2-UL TS3-UL TS4-DL TS5-DL

TD-S radio frame
Tb Tb=3000us-DwPts
TD-L
SF0-DL SF2-UL SF3-UL SF4-DL
TD-L
半帧
subframe
1000us 特殊子帧
Special subframe
Special subframe
(30720Ts) DwPTS+GP+UpPTS 特殊子帧配比：10:10:2
configuration = 21952Ts : 4384Ts : 4384Ts
=1000us=30720Ts
ratio:
Coexisting demand: No overlapping In LTE TDD, its DwPTS<3000us-Ta=850us=26112Ts ≈11.9

symbols. Thus, DwPTS can be set to at most11 symbols.
between UL and DL (Tb>Ta)
（ The ultimately determined configuration ratio mode is 10:2:2.
DwPTS can be used to carry service data. ）
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y with TD-SCDMA
TD-S = 4:2 TD-LTE = 3:1 + ?
Special特殊时隙：
timeslot
DwPTS = 75us Ta=675us*2+125us=1475us
GP = 75us Ta Aligned switch points
700us 675us 切换点对齐
UpPTS = 125us
TD-STD-S无线帧
radio frame
TS0-DL TS1-UL TS2-UL TS3-DL TS4-DL TS5-DL
Tb Tb=2000us-DwPts
Coexistence demand: no
SF0-DL SF2-UL SF3-DL SF4-DL overlapping in UL and DL
Tb Tb=2000us-DwPts TD-L半帧
TD-L subrame (Tb>Ta)
SF0-DL SF2-UL SF3-DL SF4-DL

Special subframe Special subframe
1000us 特殊子帧
(30720Ts) DwPTS+GP+UpPTS 特殊子帧配比：3:9:2
configuration ratio: = 6592Ts : 19744Ts : 4384Ts
=1000us=30720Ts 特殊子帧配比：6:6:2=
Special subframe
configuration ratio:
13168Ts : 13168Ts : 4384Ts
As in LTE TDD, the DwPTS<2000us-Ta=525us=16128Ts≈7.4 symbols, you may set DwPTS to ≤7 symbols.
Apply 3:9:2 or 6:6:2 (R11) configuration ratio mode. The 6:6:2 DwPTS can be used to bear service data.
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y with TD-SCDMA
TD-S = 4:2 TD-LTE = 3:1 + ?
特殊时隙：
Special timeslot
DwPTS = 75us Ta=675us*2+125us=1475us Coexistence demand: no overlapping in UL and DL (Tb>Ta)
GP = 75us Ta Aligned 切换点对齐
switch points
700us UpPTS = 125us 675us
TD-S无线帧
TD-S radio TS0-DL TS1-UL TS2-UL TS3-DL TS4-DL TS5-DL
frame
TD-L半帧
TD-L subrame As the DwPTS can be used to bear service
SF0-DL SF2-UL SF3-DL SF4-DL data in LTE TDD, the DwPTS needs to
occupy more symbols for higher
Ta=675us*2=1350us throughput. To achieve this goal, you can
Ta Aligned switch
700us 675us 切换点对齐
points offset the UpPTS in TD-S to TS1 so as to
shorten Ta to 1350 us. And then DwPTS
TD-STD-S无线帧 TS0-DL TS1-UL TS2-UL TS3-DL TS4-DL TS5-DL
radio <2000us-Ta = 650us =19968Ts≈9.1
frame
Tb=2000us-DwPts symbols. That is, you may set DwPTS to be
Tb TD-L半帧
TD-L subrame
≤9 symbols.
SF0-DL SF2-UL SF3-DL SF4-DL
1000us
Special subframe
特殊子帧 Apply 9:3:2 configuration ratio
Special subframe
(30720Ts) DwPTS+GP+UpPTS
特殊子帧配比：9:3:2
configuration ratio: = 19744Ts : 6592Ts : 4384Ts mode. The DwPTS can be used
=1000us=30720Ts to bear service data.
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LTE Physical Resource Distribution-RE

In the LTE OFDM system, the time domain signal is the overlapping of K subcarriers, each of which maps to one modulation wave and is
represented by one I/Q data unit (symbol). Additionally, the subcarriers are mutually orthogonal. The time domain signal is called the OFDM
symbol.
Each OFDM symbol is defined as one Resource Element (RE), which is the minimal resource unit in LTE. For
each antenna port, one OFDM symbol (in the DL) or one SC-FDMA symbol ( in the UL) is available in the time
domain; in the frequency domain, it indicates one subcarrier. One RE can bear one bit of data flow in BPSK
modulation mode.

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One downlink slot Tslot
LTE Physical Resource Distribution-RB

DL
N symb OFDM symbols
Definition of RB:
DL
One physical resource block(PRB) consists of several continuous N symb DL RB
k  N RB N sc  1
RB
symbols in the time domain and several continuous N sc
DL RB
symbols in the frequency domain.N symb and N sc are determined by the CP
type and the subcarrier interval. Resource block
DL
N symb  N scRB
Number Numb resource elements
subcarriers
Subcarrier CP Number of
of er of
subcarriers
interval length subcarriers
symbols REs
Regular Resource element (k , l )
CP
12 7 84
15KHz Extended
CP
12 6 72
Regular
7.5KHz CP
24 3 72 One resource block
Nsymb  N scRBresource
element
symbols k 0
N scRB 个子载波, 180kHz

Subcarriers, 180 kHZ
l0 lN DL
symb 1
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LTE Physical Resource Distribution-REG/CCE/RBG

RBG
Resource Block Group (RBG ) is the resource unit
RS REG n+1 REG n+2 RS REG n+1 REG n+2
REG for service channel resource distribution. RBG
consists of a group of RBs. The size of the group
RS REG n+1 RS REG n+1
depends on the system bandwidth.
RS
REG n REG n
RS
REG n REG n System
RBG Size(P)
Bandwidth （ RB ）
RS
st 2nd OFDM symbol

RS
≤10 1
1 OFDM symbol nd 3rd OFDM symbol
11 to 26 2
2 OFDM symbol (4
(½ public antenna
public antenna ports)
port)
27 to 63 3
64 to 110 4
Resource Element Group(REG) is a set of REs

in the control area. The REG is used to map
the DL control channel. Each REG includes Channel Control Element (CCE) is the resource unit for the
four data REs. PDCCH resource distribution. A CCE consists of nine REGs. CCE

LTE Physical Resource Distribution
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-Control Area and Data Area

7 symbols 7 symbols
Regular
 subframe: consists of two timeslots, including the
DL Unicast/MBSFN subframe, DL MBSFN-specific carrier
subframe, and UL regular subframe.
Special
 subframe: consists of three special domains:
DwPTS, GP, and UpPTS.
1. DL Unicast/MBSFN subframe: Apply time division to the control area and the
Nc subcarriers
12 subcarriers
data area. The number of OFDM symbols in the control area is configurable.
DL Unicast/MBSFN Subframe No. of OFDM Symbols in the

Control Area
Subframes 1 and 6 of frame structure 1, 2
type 2
Subframe with the MBSFN transmission 1, 2
function
Subframe without the MBSFN 1, 2, 3, 4
transmission function
2. The DL MBSFN-specific carrier subframe has no control areas. Control Area Data Area
3. Apply frequency division to the UL subframe control area and the data area.

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Contents
LTE TDD Basics

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LTE Physical Channel

 DL Physical Channel
Signal Type Function
Physical Broadcast Channel(PBCH ) MIB (Main information block)
Carrying the UL/DL data scheduling information/UL power control

Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
commands/ paging message scheduling authorization signaling/RACH
Enhanced-PDCCH (EPDCCH)-R11
response scheduling authorization signaling
Carrying downlink service data/RRC relevant signaling/SIB/paging

Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
messages
Indicating the number of symbols occupied by PDCCH in the same

Physical CFI Channel (PCFICH)
subframe
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH ) Transmission control message HI (ACK/NACK)
Carrying broadcasting information of multiple cells when supporting

Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
MBMS service
 UL Physical Channel
Signal Type Function
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Sending preamble information for random access of the UE
Transmitting control messages of the UL users, including CQI,
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
ACK/NAK feedback, and scheduling requests.
Carrying UL service data /user control message CQI/PMI/RI
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
feedback.

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LTE Physical Channel-PBCH Subframe 0
子帧0Timesl
Time-
Subframe 1
Timesl 子帧1
Timesl
Broadcasting Channel (PBCH) 时隙0 时隙1
slot 0
ot 1
时隙2
ot 2
时隙3
ot 3
 Frequency domain: For different bandwidths, use 1.08 MHz (72 subcarriers) for transmission. RB
53~99
 Time domain: This should map with the previous four OFDM symbols of the second slot in the
subframe No.0 of each 5 ms radio frame.

 Period: The period of the PBCH is 40 ms. This is sent every 10 ms. The terminal could receive RB52
and demodulate the BCH through any of the four transmissions.
RB51
20-MHz bandwidth ……
SCH
10-MHz bandwidth RB48
5-MHz bandwidth
RB47
2.5-MHz bandwidth
PBCH RB
1.25-MHz bandwidth 0~46

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LTE Physical Channel-PRACH

The PRACH preamble consists of 839 Zadoff-Chu
PRACH (ZC) sequences. Each preamble corresponds to one
Frequency domain: 6 RBs (1.08 MHz) and 864 subcarriers (subcarrier bandwidth of 1.25 kHz ) are root sequence, that is 838 totaled (with 138 of Format
occupied. 4). Each cell needs 64 preambles, which are
Time domain: PRACH is located in UpPTS (format 4) and regular UL subframe (format 0 to 3). generated by one or multiple continuous root
Each radio frame made its access 0.5 to 6 times. Each subframe uses the frequency division to
transfer multiple random access resources. sequences through several cyclic shifts. The size of the
Suggestion: Considering that the initial application is in the urban area, both Format 0 and Ncs depends on UE mobility speed scenario type
Format 4 can meet the coverage needs. Thus, only Format 0 and Format 4 will be needed initially. within the cell. One cell needs to broadcast only one
logical root sequence number.
CP Preamble GI RACH format 0 Preamble design instance of the cell:
CP Preamble GI format 1  1. The coverage scenario of the cell is a low
speed scenario;
CP Preamble Preamble GI format 2 Set Preamble format to format 0; Set
CP Preamble Preamble GI format 3 Ncs Configuration to 8 in correspondence to a
Ncs lengthed at 46; set the initial index No. for
CP Preamble GI format 4 the “Logical root sequence number” that
produces 64 cyclic shifts to 766.
Format Time Tcp(Ts) Tseq(Ts) GI Sequence Coverage
 2. Set Preamble Format to 0 and set
Duration Length Range
Ncs Configuration to 8 in correspondence to a
0 1ms 3168 24576 2976 15km root sequence lengthed at 839. That is,one root
77km
sequence can generate 839/46≈18 个
1 2ms 21024 24576 15840
preambles. Therefore, at least four root μ are
2 2ms 6240 2*24576 6048 80km needed to generate 64 preambles.
 3. The “Logical root sequence number” used
3 3ms 21024 2*24576 21984 100km
by the cell ranges from 766 to 769.
4 ≈157.3us 448 4096 288 1.4km
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LTE Physical Channel——PDCCH/EPDCCH

PDCCH\EPDCCH
Frequency domain: all subcarriers are occupied
Time domain: the previous n OFDM symbols of each subframe are occupied, with n<=4 （ the message of PDCCH/EPDCCH maps to REs other than
the reference signal, PCFICH, and PHICH in the control area. Thus, you need to know the positions of PCFICH and PHICH before you determine the
position of the PDCCH\EPDCCH. )
Function: used for sending UL/DL resource scheduling information, and power control commands., which are carried on the downlink control information block (DCI).
Different users map to different DCI resources.
PDCCH format Number Number Number of  Physical resources occupied by the DCIs are variable and the
PDCCH DCI ranges from 1 to 8 CCEs while the EPDCCH DCI
of CCEs of REGs bits in ranges from 1 to 32 CCEs, as shown in the table on the left.
PDCCH  PDCCH is affected by multiple factors: CCE aggregation, DCI
0 1 9 72 Format, interference from neighboring cells, number of
antennas, and transmission mode.
1 2 18 144
2 4
Number 36 for one EPDCCH
of ECCEs 288  The demodulation thresholds vary with different resources
occupied by the DCI. The more the resources are, the lower the
EPDCCH 3 Case A 8 72 576 B
Case
demodulation threshold is and the bigger the coverage range
format Localized Distributed Localized Distributed is.
transmission transmission transmission transmission
0 2 2 1 1  Available PDCCH resources are limited. The more resources a
1 4 4 2 2 single DCI occupies, the lower the capacity of users supported
2 8 8 4 4 by the PDCCH will be.
3 16 16 8 8
4 - 32 - 16  You may adjust the power control for each DCI so that you can
reduce the inter-cell interference and enhance the coverage
range.

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LTE Physical Channel-PUCCH Assume that the system is 20 MHz by bandwidth (100
RBs) and that 1 ms UL frame is configured with four
PUCCH pairs of PUCCHs.
假设系统为20MHz带宽（100RB），且1ms上行帧配置4对PUCCH。
Frequency domain: All subcarriers distributed to the UE are occupied. NRB = 99 PUCCH（0） PUCCH（1）
Time domain: One control channel consists of one RB pair, which is located at both edge areas of the UL NRB = 98 PUCCH（3） PUCCH（2）
subframe.
Function: transmits control message UCI of the UL users, including CQI, ACK/NAK feedback, and scheduling
requests.
PUCCH hops frequency at upper and lower edge areas of the two slots in the subframe to obtain frequency
diversity gains; PUCCH codes again to obtain RX diversity gains and increase demodulation success rate.
PUCCH ACK feedback mode:
 For “Bundling” mode, when the number of DL subframes exceeds that of the UL subframes, multiple ACK/NACK messages
generate feedback in the UL subframe through logic and calculations. That is, a single code generates one bit, and dual
UE发送带宽
codes generate two bits. PUSCH
PUSCH
bandwidth
 For “Multiplexing” mode, at most ACK/NACK messages of four DL subframes are allowed to be multiplexed. The feedback
sends the
The UE
of one to four bits of ACK/NACK messages can be provided.
Number of
PUCCH Modulation
Carried Messages Content Bits of Each
Format Mode
Subframe
Whether the UE has NRB = 1 PUCCH（2） PUCCH（3）

1 SRI N/A N/A
scheduling requests? NRB = 0 PUCCH（1） PUCCH（0）
1a 1bit ACK 1 BPSK
Transmitting HARQ messages
1b 2bit ACK 2 QPSK 0.5 ms timeslot
0.5 ms 时隙 0.50.5ms
ms timeslot
时隙
2 CQI PMI+RI+CQI 20 QPSK
Diagram of the control channel above
2a CQI+1 bit of ACK 21 QPSK+BPSK
Transmitting both CQI and
2b CQI+2 bits of ACK 22 QPSK+BPSK
HARQ messages
3 CQI+ACK 48
© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved.
QPSK 41
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LTE Physical Channel-PCFICH & PHICH

PCFICH
Frequency domain: four REGs are occupied and are evenly distributed in the entire system bandwidth.
Time domain: CFI is sent at the first OFDM symbol of the subframe. The shift is executed on a cell level. The interference is randomized.
Each subframe transmits PCFICH. The eNodeB notifies the UE of the number of OFDM symbols occupied by the
PDCCH of one subframe through the PCFICH. The number of OFDM symbols are indicated by the CFI. As the CFI
range is 1,2,3, and 4, each of which corresponds to one group of 32-bit binary numbers. The number is
transformed into 16 symbols upon QPSK and then divided into four symbol quadruplets, with each symbol
quadruplet mapped to one REG.
PHICH
-The PHICH bears the NAK/ACK response messages in correspondence to the UL TX signal by the eNodeB.
-The HI message is 1 bit long. “0” indicates ACK and “1” indicates NAK; after the duplication, the HI message is
3 bits long.
-The PHICH is transmitted in form of the PHICH group. The number of PHICH groups is indicated by the PBCH.
-The number of PHICH groups= Ng x (100/8) (rounded up)= {3 ， 7 ， 13 ， 25}. In which, the control
parameter factor Ng={1/6,1/2,1,2}.
-Multiple PHICHs form one PHICH group mapped to the same REG. the PHICHs in the group are differentiated
through the orthogonal sequence.

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LTE Physical Channel-PDSCH\PUSCH\PMCH
PDSCH
Frequency domain: all subcarriers are occupied.
Time domain: All symbols of each subframe except the PDCCH\EPDCCH symbols (For special subframes, the DwPTS can also be occupied by the
PDSCH).
Function: Both the user data and the paging messages and control messages are transmitted. As the PDSCH is a sharing channel, its resources are
dynamically scheduled by the upper level. As its occupation priority is the lowest, it can uses only resources that are not occupied by the other
physical channels.
PUSCH
Frequency domain: UL frequency domain resources provided to UEs are occupied. Only continuous PRBs are allowed. The
number of PRBs needs to be a multiple of 2, 3, or 5.
Time domain: The subframes distributed to UEs are occupied.
Function: The PUSCH is used to bear the UL service data.
PMCH
The PMCH is used to carry the Multicast data. It is only transmitted in the Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area of the
MBSFN subframe and the extended cyclic prefix is used .
 The MBSFN indicates multicasting or broadcasting on a single frequency network. The single frequency network indicates the same frequency point
of a network. Multicasting or broadcasting on a single frequency network helps to strengthen coverage (Terminals can receive broadcasts of the same
band from different base stations to form TX diversity).

Mapping Relations of the LTE Physical Channels, Logica
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l Channels, and Transport Channels

Mapping Relations of the
Mapping Relations of
UL Channels
the DL Channels
CCCH DCCH DTCH
PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH Uplink
Downlink
Logical channels
Logical channels
Downlink Uplink
Transport channels Transport channels
PCH BCH DL- SCH MCH RACH UL-SCH
-
Uplink
Downl ink
Physical channels
Physical channels PUCCH PRACH PUSCH
PDCCH PBCH PDSCH PMCH
The logical channel defines the types of sent messages. These data flows include data of all users.
The transport channel indicates the data flow where the logical channel is processed in a particular way and some transport format is added
to it.
The physical channel is used to specify operations relevant with the carrier frequency, scrambling code, spread spectrum code, start time, and
end time for transport data flows of different users and different functions according to their corresponding rules and ultimately modulate and
transmit the data to analog RF signals.
Data flows of different physical channels belong to different users or are of different functions.

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LTE Physical Channel-Code Modulation Mode

Transmission Coding
Coding Scheme
Channel Rate
UL-SCH/DL-SCH
Turbo coding 1/3 UL/DL Physical Channel
PCH/MCH
Modulation Mode
BCH Tail biting convolutional coding 1/3
UL/DL Physical Modulation Mode
RACH N/A N/A
Channel
PDSCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Channel Coding of the Transport Channel
PMCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
DL
Control Coding PDCCH QPSK
Coding Scheme Physical
Message Rate Channel PBCH QPSK
DCI Tail biting convolutional coding 1/3 PCFICH QPSK
CFI Block code 1/16 PHICH BPSK

PUSCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
HI Repetition code 1/3 UL
Physical PUCCH BPSK ， QPSK
Block code variable Channel
UCI PRACH N/A
Tail biting convolutional coding 1/3
Channel Coding of the Control Message

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LTE Physical Signals

The DL physical signals include the reference signal and The UL physical signals involve
the synchronization signal. only the reference signal.
The DL reference signal includes the following six types: The UL reference signals
 Cell-specific reference signals (CRS) include the following two types:
 MBSFN reference signals  Demodulation reference
 UE-specific reference signals (DM-RS) ， associated signal (DM-RS) ，
with PDSCH associated with
 Demodulation reference signals (DM-RS) ， transmission of PUSCH or
associated with EPDCCH PUCCH
 Positioning reference signals (PRS)  Sounding reference signal
 CSI reference signals (CSI-RS) (SRS), not associated with
The DL synchronization signals include the following two transmission of PUSCH or
types: PUCCH
 Primary synchronization signal (PSS)
 Secondary synchronization signal (SSS)

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LTE Physical Signals-Cell-Specific Reference Signal

R0 R0
One antenna port
R0 R0
Functions of the cell-

R0 R0
specific reference signal

R0 R0
l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 (CRS):
 DL channel evaluation and
Resource element (k,l)
demodulation in non-
R0 R0 R1 R1
beamforming applications
Two antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1
Not used for transmission on this antenna port
 Scheduling of UL/DL
R0 R0 R1 R1
Reference symbols on this antenna port resources
R0 R0 R1 R1  Switching measurement
l0 l 6 l 0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l 6
Position of the cell-specific
reference signal (CRS):
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
The position of the cell-specific
Four antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3 reference signal (CRS) is relevant
R0 R0 R1 R1
with the number of single
R2 R3
antenna ports of the cell and PCI

R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
l0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l6 l0 l6 configurations.
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1 Antenna port 2 Antenna port 3

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LTE Physical Signals-Cell-Specific Reference Signal
Single antenna
port mode
-PCI mode 6
Multi-antenna port
mode-PCI mode 3
The RS interference will affect the accuracy of channel estimation. If the RS interference is severe, cell research will fail or the handover fails, and the service
performance will also be affected. To eliminate inter-cell RS signal interferences, you need to avoid overlapping of RS signals in the frequency domain.

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LTE Physical Signal-MBSFN Reference Signal

R4
R4 R4 R4
R4 R4
R4
R4
R4 R4 The MBSFN reference
R4 R4
signal is transported on
R4
the subframe R4
R4 R4 distributed to the
R4 MBSFN for DL signal R4 R4
R4 R4 evaluation of MBMS
services. R4
R4
Apply antenna port 4.
R4 R4 R4 R4
R4 R4
R4 R4
R4 R4
l 0 l  5l  0 l 5
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots R4
Antenna port 4 R4 R4
extended cyclic prefix l  0 l  2l  0 l  2
Δf=7.5kHz even-numbered odd-numbered
extended cyclic prefix Δf=15kHz slots slots
Antenna port 4
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LTE Physical Signal-UE-Specific Reference Signal
Special subframe, configuration 1, 2, 6 or 7

R7 R7 R7 R7 R8 R8 R8 R8
R9 R9 R9 R9 R10 R10 R10 R10
R7 R7 R7 R7 R8 R8 R8 R8
The UE-specific reference signal is R9 R9 R9 R9 R10 R10 R10 R10
used for PDSCH channel

estimation. It supports single R7 R7 R7 R7 R8 R8 R8 R8
antenna transmission of PDSCH. It R9 R9 R9 R9 R10 R10 R10 R10
l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6
is configure by the upper level.
Application method:
Apply antenna port 5: TM7-BF R7 R7 R7 R7 R8 R8 R8 R8
Special subframe, configuration 3, 4, 8 or 9

R9 R9 R9 R9 R10 R10 R10 R10
Apply antenna ports 7; 8;
7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14: TM9
R7 R7 R7 R7 R8 R8 R8 R8
R9 R9 R9 R9 R10 R10 R10 R10
R5 R5 R7 R7 R7 R7 R8 R8 R8 R8
R9 R9 R9 R9 R10 R10 R10 R10
l0 l 6 l 0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6
R5 R5
R7 R7 R7 R7 R8 R8 R8 R8
R5 R5 R9 R9 R9 R9 R10 R10 R10 R10
All other downlink subframes
R5 R5
R7 R7 R7 R7 R8 R8 R8 R8
R9 R9 R9 R9 R10 R10 R10 R10
R5 R5
R5 R5 R7 R7 R7 R7 R8 R8 R8 R8
R9 R9 R9 R9 R10 R10 R10 R10
l0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l6 l0 l6
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 5 Antenna port 7 Antenna port 8 Antenna port 9 Antenna port 10

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LTE Physical Signal-Demodulation/Positioning/CSI-Specific Referenc

e Signal
R6
R6 R6
R6 R6 R6 R6 The positioning The DL demodulation reference signal (DL
One and two PBCH antenna
Four PBCH antenna ports

R6
reference signal DM-RS) is used for EPDCCH evaluation.
R6 R6 R6
R6 R6 R6 R6 (PRS) is used for Apply antenna ports 107,108,109,110, each
ports
R6 terminal positioning.
of which corresponds to one sequence with
R6 R6
Apply antenna port
R6 R6 R6 R6
+1 and -1.
6.
R6 R6 R6 R6
R6 R6 R6 R6
l 0 l 6 l0 l6 l 0 l 6 l0 l 6
R15 R15 R16 R16
even- numbered slots odd- numbered slots even - numbered slots odd - numbered slots
Antenna port 6 Antenna port 6
R17 R17 R18 R18
Channel status information

reference signal (CSI-RS) is used
l0 l6 l0 l6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l0 l 6 l0 l6 l 0 l6 l0 l6
for channel information

measurement of CQI, PMI, and
RI. At most eight ports can be R19 R19 R20 R20
measured.
Apply antenna ports 15 ；
15,16 ； 15,16,17,18 ； R21 R21 R22 R22
15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22.
l0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l 0 l6 l0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l0 l6

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LTE Physical Signal-DL Synchronization Signals

Slot 0 / Slot 10 Slot 1 / Slot 11 DwPTS
Primary synchronization signal (PSS):

 The primary synchronization signals of a cell need to be selected from three different
sequences.
 The three sequences should have a one-to-one mapping relation with the three
physical layer cell IDs under one physical layer cell ID group.
 The PSS is generated by the Zadoff-Chu sequence in the frequency domain. PSS
Nc subcarriers
72 subcarriers
Secondary synchronization signal (SSS)
SSS
 The SSS is generated through cross cascading of two 31-digit binary numbers.
 The binary sequence is generated by . The generated 31-digit M
x 5  x 2 1
sequence number, upon cyclic shift, finally turns into the binary sequence.
 The cascaded sequence is scrambled by the scrambling code sequence provided by
the PSS.
In LTE, the number of physical layer cell IDs (PCIs) is 504.
That is, 168 in correspondence with 168 SSS sequences.
Data area
Each group includes three PCIs in correspondence with Control area
three PSS sequences. For TDD, the PSS is sent in the third symbol of the DwPTS
area; the SSS is sent in the last OFDM symbol of subframe
0/5.

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LTE Physical Signal-UL Reference Signal

子帧2
Subframe 2
 PUSCH-specific demodulation reference signal (UL DM-RS)
时隙4
Timeslot 4 时隙5
Timeslot 5  This is used for obtaining the channel estimation matrix.
 This is generated by using the Zad-off Chu sequence. After
its generation, it is directly mapped to the resource element
without being coded.
 Multiple users are differentiated by different cyclic shift
values of reference signal sequences.
DMRS信号
DMRS signal
 The 4th SC-FDMA symbol of each slot is occupied. It
SRS frequency domain width is the same as the PRB occupied by
PUSCH the PUSCH. IT is continuous in the frequency domain.

Sounding reference signal (UL SRS)
 This is used for UL channel quality estimation and channel
selection.
 This is used to calculate the CINR of the UL channel for UL
channel scheduling and it is independently transmitted.

 The last SC-FDMA symbol of each subframe is
occupied.

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Mapping of LTE Physical Resources

Subframe 0 Subframe Subframe 2
子帧0 子帧1 1 子帧2 Subframe
子帧5 5 Signal mapping of the
Time- Time- Time-
时隙0 时隙1 时隙2 时隙3 时隙4 时隙5 时隙10 时隙11 下行信道信号映射
Time- Time- Time- Time- Time- DL channel
slot 0 slot 1 slot 2 slot 3 slot 4 slot 5 slot 10 slot 11
RS signal
RS信号
The total resources depend on
RB PBCH
system parameters. Map the fixed 53~99 SSS
information before mapping the PSS
DwPTS
information to be distributed: GP
RB52
Physical resource mapping of UpPTS
PDCCH\PCFICH\PHICH
the reference signal PDSCH\PMCH
Physical resource mapping of
RB51 DL channel Signal mapping of the
上行信道信号映射
UL channel
the synchronization signal
DMRS信号
DMRS signal
Physical resource mapping of …… SRS
PUSCH
the PBCH symbol
RB48
Physical resource mapping of 示例配置参数设置
Example of parameter settings
the PCFICH 双工模式：TDD

Duplex mode: TDD
系统带宽：20M
System bandwidth: 20 M
Physical resource mapping of 上行行子帧配置：0\1\2\6
UL subframe configuration: 7
RB47
特殊子帧配置：7
Number of antenna ports :2
the PHICH 天线端口数：2
CFI: 2
Physical resource mapping of CFI：2
UL SRS position: subframe 2
上行SRS位置：子帧2
the PDCCH RB
0~46
Physical resource mapping of
the PDSCH or the PMCH
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Contents
LTE TDD Basics
Basic Operation Process of Physical Channels (DL Ta
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ken for Instance)

code words layers antenna ports
Modulation Resource OFDM signal

Scrambling
mapper element mapper generation
Layer
Precoding
mapper
Modulation Resource OFDM signal
Scrambling
mapper element mapper generation
1. Scrambling
Scramble each code to be transmitted in a physical channel.
Ensure that the number of bits before and after the scrambling is
consistent.
Physical Channel Modulation Mode

2. Modulation
Modulate the scrambled bits and produce complex modulation
PDSCH/ PMCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
symbols. PBCH/PCFICH/PDCCH QPSK
The code efficiency varies with different modulation modes. PHICH N/A
QPSK: L=2 ；
16QAM: L=4 ；
64QAM: L=6

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Number Number of Codeword-to-layer mapping
ken for Instance)

of layers codewords layer
i  0,1,..., M symb 1
layer (0 )
1 1 x ( 0) (i )  d ( 0) (i ) M symb  M symb
x (0 ) (i)  d (0 ) ( 2i )
3. Layer Mapping
layer ( 0)
2 1 M symb  M symb 2
x (1) (i)  d (0 ) ( 2i  1)
Map the complex modulation symbols to one or more transport layers. x ( 0) (i )  d (0) (i )
layer (0 ) (1)
2 2 M symb  M symb  M symb
The x (1) (i )  d (1) (i )

number of codes is q, the number fo layers is v, the number of antenna ports is P, and number of symbols of each
layer
layer is M symb . 3 1
x (0) (i )  d ( 0) (3i )
x (1) (i )  d ( 0) (3i  1)
layer
M symb ( 0)
 M symb 3
(q) (q) (q) x ( 2) (i )  d ( 0) (3i  2)
The input of the layer mapping is d (0),..., d ( M symb  1;) the output of the layer mapping is
 
x ( 0) (i )  d (0) (i )
T layer
x(i ) , x ( 0) (i ) ... x ( 1)
(i ) . i 0,1,..., M symb 1 3 2
layer
M symb (0 )
 M symb (1)
 M symb 2
x (1) (i )  d (1) (2i )
x (2 ) (i )  d (1) (2i  1)
A. Layer mapping of x (0) (i )  d ( 0) (4i )

x (1) (i )  d ( 0) (4i  1) layer ( 0)
4 1 M symb  M symb 4
x ( 2) (i )  d ( 0) (4i  2)
a single antenna (v=1) Number Number of Codeword-to-layer mapping x ( 3)
(i )  d ( 0)
(4i  3)
of layers codewords layer

i  0,1,..., M symb 1 x (0 ) (i)  d (0 ) ( 2i )
x (1) (i)  d (0 ) ( 2i  1)
layer (0 ) (1)
4 2 M symb  M symb 2  M symb 2
( 0) (0) x (2 ) (i )  d (1) (2i )
x (i )  d (2i ) x (3) (i )  d (1) (2i  1)
layer (0)
2 1 x (1) (i)  d (0) (2i  1) M symb  M symb 2
B. Layer mapping x (0 ) (i)  d (0 ) ( 2i )
x (1) (i)  d (0 ) ( 2i  1)
layer ( 0) (1)
 M symb 2  M symb
of TX diversity (q=1, v=P)
5 2 M symb 3
x ( 2 ) (i )  d (1) (3i )

( 3) (1)
x (i )  d (3i  1)
M ( 0) 4 ( 0)
if M symb mod 4  0
x (0) (i )  d (0) ( 4i ) layer
  ( 0) symb
 
M symb x ( 4 ) (i )  d (1) (3i  2)
( 0)
 M symb  2 4 if M symb mod 4 0 x (0) (i )  d ( 0) (3i )
x (1) (i )  d (0) (4i  1) x (1) (i )  d ( 0) (3i  1)
C. Layer mapping of 4 1 x ( 2) (i )  d (0) (4i  2) (0)

If M symb mod 4  0 two null symbols shall be
6 2
x ( 2) (i )  d ( 0) (3i  2)
x ( 3) (i )  d (1) (3i )
layer
M symb ( 0)
 M symb (1)
3  M symb 3
( 3) ( 0)
x (i )  d ( 4i  3) x ( 4 ) (i )  d (1) (3i  1)
space multiplexing (q=1,2 ， v≤P) x (5 ) (i )  d (1) (3i  2)
(0)
appended to d (0 ) ( M symb  1) x (0) (i )  d ( 0) (3i )
layer ( 0) (1)
7 2 x (1) (i )  d ( 0) (3i  1) M symb  M symb 3  M symb 4
x ( 2) (i )  d ( 0) (3i  2)

> 内部公开
ken for Instance)

4. Precoding  y (0) (2i )  1 0 
j 0  Re x (0) (i )  
Precode the complex modulation symbols on each layer for transmission over the antenna port.
 (1) 
 y (2i )   1 
0  1 0 j   (1)
  Re x (i )  

Take the output of layer mapping as the input. The output over each antenna port p is represented by: ,
 y (0) (2i  1)
 (1) 
2 0 1


0 j  Im x (0) (i ) 


y ( p ) (i )i  0,1,..., ap
。 M symb  1  y (2i  1) 
 (1)

1 0  j 0   Im x (i )  
The precodes transmitted over the single antenna (p=1)  y (0) (4i)  1 0 0 0 j 0 0 0
 (1)  0 0
y ( p) ap
(i )  x (0) (i ) i  0,1,..., M symb  1 M symb 
ap layer
M symb （ P=2 ）  y ( 4i)   0 0 0 0 0 0 
，，  y ( 2) (4i )  0  1 0 0 0 j 0 0
 (3)   
Precodes for space multiplexing (p=2,4)  y (4i)  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Precodes for TX diversity  y (0) (4i  1) 
 
0 1

0 0 0 j 0


0  Re x ( 0) (i )  
 y (0) (i )   x (0) (i )  (CDD is small or equals to 0) （ P=
(1)
 y (4i  1)  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
0   Re x (1) (i) 


   
4 ）D(i)
 ( 2)
 y (4i  1) 
 1 0

0 0 j 0 0
 
0  Re x ( 2) (i) 


    W (i )   
 y ( P 1) (i )  x ( 1) (i )
Number of U  y ( 4i  1) 
( 3)

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 
0 0   Re x (3) (i)  
   
layers   (0)
 y (4i  2) 

2 0 0 0 0 0 0

 
0 0  Im x ( 0) (i) 
 
 
1 1 1  1 0 
2 
2 1 e
 j 2 2 

0 e  j 2i 2 
 
 y (1) (4i  2)  0 0 1 0 0 0 j 0   Im x (1) (i) 
 (2) 
 y (0) (i )   x ( 0) (i )  1 1 1  1 0 0   y (4i  2)

0 0 0 0 0 0


0 0  Im x ( 2 ) (i )  


 
   W (i ) D(i )U   
 3
1 
3 
1 e
1 e
 j 2
 j 4
3
3
e  j 4
e  j 8
3
3


0 e  j 2i 3

0 0
0 

e  j 4i 3 
 ( 3)
 y (4i  2) 
 0 0

0 1 0 0


0 j   Im x (3) (i)  
 y ( P 1) (i )  x ( 1) (i )  y (0) (4i  3)  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
     (1)  0 0 0 j 
1 1 1 1  1 0 0 0 
4

1 1 e
 j 2 4
e  j 4 4 e  j 6 4  0 e  j 2i 4
 0 0 
  y (4i  3)   0 1 0 0
2 1 e  j 4 4
e  j 8 4 e  j12 4  0 0 e  j 4i 4 0   y ( 2) (4i  3)  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(CDD is big) 
1 e
 j 6 4
e  j12 4 e  j18 4 
 
0 0 0 e  j 6i 4 
  ( 3)   
 y (4i  3)  0 0 1 0 0 0  j 0
> 内部公开
ken for Instance)

5. Map the symbols to the resource elements
Map the complex modulation symbols on each antenna port to the resource elements.
At each antenna port, the complex symbol starts from y ( p ) (0)and then map these symbols to the
virtual transmission block.
The operation process
Map k before l, and then map the symbols according to timeslots and subframes.
of physical channels in
the UL is similar to that
in the DL.
6. Generate signals
For the UL, generate for each antenna port the
SC-FDMA symbol of the complex time domain.
For the DL, generate for each antenna port the
OFDMA symbol of the complex time domain.

> 内部公开
LTE System and Terminal Status

The service bearing link between the UE and E-RAB
E-RAB
the SGW is unanimously called E-RAB.
Radio Bearer S1 Bearer
Radio Bearer Service transmission bearing link over Uu

is called the radio bearer. UE eNB SGW
Service transmission bearing link over S1

S1 Bearer
is called the S1 bearer.
Signaling connections exist
between the UE and the MME,
No NAS signaling exists RRC_IDLE RRC_CONNECTED
including the RRC connection
between the UE and the MME. Connection and the S1-MME connection.
The MME stores the TA List establishment 1. Send and receive data. The MME stores the cell ID
level position relevant 1.Listen the paging channel. 2. Execute the handover level position relevant
2.Meausre and reselect 3.Check channel quality and
information of the UE. neighboring cells. information of the UE.
provided feedback
The context between the UE 3.Receive system broadcasting 4.Implement measurement and The context between the UE
messages. measurement report
and the MME is not and the MME is synchronous.
5.Receive system broadcasting
synchronous.
Connection
realease

> 内部公开
Cell Searching
The main information block includes several limited and most important, most
common transmission parameters, which are used to obtain the other
Cell searching procedure: information from the cell.
SIB1 includes the scheduling information of the other SIBs and relevant access
Search PSS, specify 5 ms timer function, and obtain the ID of information to the other cells.
the PCI group. The SystemInformation (SI) message carries the SIB rather than
SystemInformationBlockType1.
Demodulate SSS, obtain the 10 ms timer, and obtain the PCI
SIB2 includes all public radio resource configuration messages of the UE’s.
group ID.
SIB3includes cell reselection messages of the same frequency, of different frequencies,
Calculate the cell identifier on the physical layer or of different technology networks.
cell
N ID  3 N ID
(1)
 N ID
(2)
SIB4 includes information only for adjacent cell relevant cell reselection of the
.
same frequency cell, single parameters for cell reselection, and blacklist cells.
SIB5 includes the E-UTRA network reselection information of different frequencies.
Check the DL RS of the cell and obtain the antenna settings of SIB6 includes the UTRA network reselection information of different frequencies.
the BCH. SIB7 includes the GERAN (GSM/EDGE) network reselection information
of different frequencies.
Read the MIB information in the PBCH (DL link system SIB8 includes the CDMA2000 network selection information
bandwidth, PHUCH configuration information, and system of different frequencies.
SIB9 includes the name of the home base station.
subframe No.)
Read the SIBs information in the DL-SCH (cell access relevant SIB10 includes the primary notice information of ETWS.
information, cell selection information, SIB scheduling
SIB11 includes the secondary notice information of ETWS.
information, and TDD parameter configurations).
SIB12 includes the secondary notice information of CMAS.
Cell searching lays a basis for providing various services when the UE accesses the network.
> 内部公开
Random Access UE eNB
1 Msg1: preamble on PRACH

Purpose of random access:
The UE obtains time synchronization through the access process; ensure
that data is sent within the reception window; obtain the UE ID. min delay
Msg2: RA response on 2ms
The system implements the admission control.
Application Scenario Access Type
PDCCH and PDSCH 2
Initial access in IDLE state Competitive
Initial access upon the radio link Non-competitive

connection failure
Random access process: UL data transmission upon the UL Competitive Msg3: connection
unsynchronization in connection state requirement, ect ， PUSCH
Send rach preamble through PRACH. 3
Cell handover Competitive/non-
The UE monitors the PDCCH to obtain the corresponding UL/DL resource competitive
Delay about
DL data reception upon UL
allocation and obtain random access responses through the relevant Competitive/non- Delay
unsynchronization in connection state 5ms
competitive
Msg4: contention resolution Based on eNB
PDSCH, including UL authorization, timer messages, and C-RNTI.
PDCCH 4
 The UE sends the connection request from the PUSCH.
The eNB sends the conflict detection from the PDCCH.

> 内部公开
Paging In LTE, the eNB notifies the DRX paging period to the UE through
The paging message is sent from the network in either idle state or
broadcasting by default; alternatively, the UE can also notify the MME of the
connection state to the UE. It is sent in all cells within the registered
terminal-specific DRX message through NAS before the MME notifies the
TA by the UE:
eNB of such message through the paging message. The reception of the UE
In the S1AP interface messages, the MME sends the pagin g
paging message should follow the DRX principles:
message to the eNB. Each paging message carries one paged UE
message; The UE reads the PDCCH through the P-RNTI according to the DRX period
The eNB reads the TA list in the Paging messages and pages the in the particular time.
cells that pertain to the list over the air interface. If the paging The UE reads the corresponding PDSCH according to the PDCCH indication
content at the same time duplicates, collect them in one paging and then transfer the decoded data to the MAC layer through the PCH. The
message.
PCH transmission block includes the paged UE ID (IMSI or S-TMSI). If no ID
could be located in the PCH, the UE will enter the DRX state again.
UE eNB EPC
Default DRX UE-specific
1. NAS: Paging paging period DRX period
2. The MME notifies the eNB of the
2. NAS: Paging specific DRX through S1AP Paging.
1. The eNB notifies the UE

through broadcasting 3. The eNB keeps the same terminal
Triggered by the EPC: Notify the UE of receiving the paging request with the UE during the specific DRX
(MT/data feed) period.
Triggered by the eNB: Notify the SI of the update/ notify the UE of the 2. The UE keeps the default DRX 1. The UE notifies the MME
paging period with the eNB. terminal through the NAS
receiving information such as the ETWS.
message during the specific
DRX paging period 63
> 内部公开
UL/DL Synchronization
Initial UL Synchronization UL Time Synchronization Lock
The UE sends the preamble code in the random
The eNB can estimate the reception time
access channel.
The eNB provide the adjustment information to according to the UL signal so as to generate the
the UE according to the arrival position of the UL time control command code TA.
The UE will then receive the time control
preamble codes.
The UE adjusts the transmission time according command code TA at subframe n. Then, the UE
to this message. will adjust the time advance at subframe n+x.
Initial DL Synchronization DL Time Synchronization Lock

The initial DL synchronization equals to the cell After the cell searching succeeds, the UE
searching process. measures the arrival time of the DL
The UE obtains 5 ms in time synchronization
signals and then adjust DL
through the check of the primary synchronization
signals. The UE obtains 10 ms in time synchronization according to the
synchronization to realize the time measurement values so as to ensure its
synchronization with the cell. time synchronization with the eNB.

> 内部公开
Contents
LTE TDD Background
LTE TDD Basics

> 内部公开
Subdirectory
 OFDM
 MIMO
 Other Key Technologies
 Evolution of the Key Technologies

> 内部公开
What is OFDM?
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is essentially a frequency division system and frequency division is the
easiest way to realize radio telecommunication. Multiple frequencies can be used for data transmission concurrently so as to
realize bandwidth transmission:
 In a conventional FDM system, a great protection area is required between carriers and the spectrum efficiency is low.
 As the OFDM system allows a close distance or even overlapping of two carriers, high spectrum efficiency efficiency can
be achieved.
This depends on the fast fourier

How to realize orthogonality between carriers?
transformation (FFT).
Since OFDM is put forward 50 years ago, why is This depends on development of the
it just applied in the latest 20 years? digital signal processing (DSP) chip.

> 内部公开
OFDM in LTE
In LTE, OFDM is used to divide one high-speed data flow into multiple concurrent low-speed data flows,
which are carried on N subcarriers. The data symbols transmitted on these subcarriers form one OFDM
symbol.
5 MHz Bandwidth
Bandwidth
FFT
Sub-carriers
Guard Intervals
Symbols
…
Frequency
…
Time

> 内部公开
Important Cyclic Prefix

Guard Interval: Time
FFT integration time TFFT
Symbol N-1 Symbol N Symbol N+1

When radio signals are sent from the TX antenna to the RX
antenna, they will pass multiple paths, causing signal fading
and phase shift. Therefore, when radio signals are transmitted Symbol
in the LTE network, the multi-path component signals of the

Regular CP+ regular symbol for the uni-cast system of a regular cell
previous symbol might overlap the main-path signals of the
latter symbol, causing interferences. Symbol
Guard intervals are thus inserted between the OFDM Extended CP+ extended symbol for the uni-cast system of a big-
sized cell or for the MBMS system
symbols to eliminate inter-symbol interference to the
Symbol
minimum. The length of the guard interval is greater than the
maximum time delay extension of the radio channel. Thus, the
Super long CP+ MBMS symbols of a single carrier for the
multi-path component signals of one symbol will never affect independent-carrier MBMS system.
the latter symbol.

> 内部公开
Important Cyclic Prefix Cyclic prefix
Amplitude
Cyclic Prefix:
The multi-path propagation will cause

signal fading and phase shift, which will
break the orthogonality between
 N CP ND
subcarriers, bringing interference Time
总长度: N D  N CP
between the subcarriers. Overall
Guard interval length
To avoid the previously-mentioned

breaking of orthogonality owing to
Data CP Data CP Data
multi-path propagation, you may copy
the sample point in the Tcp behind each Tcp FFT TFFT
integration time
FFT积分时间 TFFT Time时间
OFDM symbol to before the OFDM

Symbol
符号N-1N-1 Symbol N Symbol
符号N+1 N+1
符号N
symbol, forming a cyclic prefix.

> 内部公开
DL OFDM Multiple Address Mode for LTE
The DL OFDM multiple address mode for LTE indicates

Number of DL subcarriers
the OFDMA multiple address technology. The following Channel Bandwidth
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
two subcarrier intervals are available: (MHz)
An interval of 15 kHz is applied to unicast and MBSFN Number of Subcarriers

72 180 300 600 900 1200
transmission. (15 KHz)
 An interval of 7.5 kHz is applied to only the MBSFN Number of Subcarriers

144 360 600 1200 1800 2400
transmission of independent carriers. (7.5 KHz)
Length of the CP
M
ap Configuration CP Length Ncp
Frequency domain
频域 pi .. Time
ng
子载 . domain
时域 Regular CP
Channel
信道编码/ QAMQAM调制 of ..
code/interw modulation S
串->并 .. 波映 . IFFT 加CP
Addi
交织/加扰
eaving/scra
（QPSK/16QAM/64QAM）
(QPSK/16QAM/64Q - . su
射 ng a
AM) bc
m-bling > CP
arr
P Extended CP
ier
s
OFDM调制
OFDM modulation

> 内部公开
Pros and Cons of OFDM

Pros of the OFDM System:
You may use IDFT and DFT to apply orthogonal modulation and demodulation on various sub-channels. This method is
simple and needs few calculations.
The OFDM system can finish UL/DL link unsymmetrical transmission through the use of a number of various sub-
channels.
Not all sub-channels will be in frequency selective slow fading synchronously. Thus, you may make full use of high SNR
sub-channels through dynamic sub-channel distribution so as to improve the system performance.
Cons of the OFDM System:

It is sensitive to frequency deviation: During transmission, the frequency shift such as the doppler frequency shift
occurs. The frequency deviation between the carrier frequency of the transmitter and the local oscillator of the receiver
can break the orthogonality between the subcarriers.
High PARA exists: The output of the OFDM modulation is overlapping of multiple subcarriers. If he phases of multiple
signals are consistent, the instant power of the overlapped signals will greatly exceed the average power of the signals,
causing relatively huge PARA., which is demanding for linearity of the PA of the transmitter.

> 内部公开
UL OFDM Multiple Address Mode for LTE
Number of UL subcarriers
To address the problem of high PARA, the SC-FDMA
technology is applied in the LTE network (Single Channel
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
bandwidth (MHz)
Carrier FDMA). It is also called the Discrete Fourier
Number of
Transform Spread OFDM technology. subcarriers
72 180 300 600 900 1200
CP Length
Frequency domain M
ap
Frequency domain 频域
Time Configuration CP Length Ncp
时域 pi
ng .. domain
Channel
信道编码/ QAM调制 .. 子载
of . 时域
QAM modulation DFT Addi
code/interw
交织/加扰（QPSK/16QAM/64QAM）
(QPSK/16QAM/64Q
. 波映
su ..
IFFT 加CP Regular CP
eaving/scra 射 . ng a
AM) bc
m-bling CP
arr
ier Extended CP
s
DFT-SOFDM调制
DFT-SOFDM modulation

> 内部公开
Comparison Between OFDMA and SC-FDMA

> 内部公开
Subdirectory
 OFDM
 MIMO

> 内部公开
MIMO Multi-Antenna Technology

 The MIMO multi-antenna technology intends to adopt
multiple antennas at both the RX and the TX end for concurrent
transmission or reception. It makes full use of the space
Trans-
resources through the space-time processing technology. Thus, mitter Re-
ceiver
the capacity and reliability of the telecommunications system
and the spectrum usage is greatly improved when no spectrum
resources or power increase.
 Mathematical model for the MIMO multi-antenna
technology
 r1   h11 h12  h1 Nt   x1   n1 
Configure Nt TX antennas at the transmmiter side and configure Nr RX antennas at
r  h h  h
   
x2   n2 
the receiver side. “xj (j ＝ 1, 2 ,……Nt )”indicates the signal transmitted by the TX
 2  21 22 2 N t  

antenna No. j; “ ， ri （ i ＝ 1, 2 ,…… Nr ）” indicates the signal received by the RX
            
antenna No. i; “hij”indicates the channel fading coefficient between the TX        
antenna No. j and the RX antenna No. i. At the RX end, the noise signal “n i”is  rN r   hNr 1 hN r 2  hN r N t   xNt   nNt 
used to collect the independent complex zero mean value Gaussian variables. And
the noise signal is independent from the TX signal. Noise signals at different
periods are also independent from one another. The power of noise signals from
different RX antennas is identical. Assume that the channel features quasi-static r = Hx + n
and flat Rayleigh fading. The model is shown in the right-sided figure.
> 内部公开
MIMO Multi-Antenna Technology

The radio channel capacity is a complex indicator for radio channel performances. It describes the
transmission rate limit for steady transmission within a channel in the scenario where the SNR and
bandwidth conditions are given. The conventional single-input-single-output system capacity is
brought out by Shannon.
C=W log(1+ s / n)
Channel
In which,
C : indicates the radio
channel capacity
W : indicates the width capacity
of the band
s : indicates the radio
signal strength
n: indicates the radio
interference intensity
SNR
> 内部公开
LTE MIMO Mode This mode is compatible with single

antenna transmission. This
TM1 transmission mode is applied to

Single antenna port (Port No. 0)
BCH, PHICH, and PDSCH.
TM2 TX diversity
Open loop space division This mode improves the
TM3 multiplexing peak-time throughput.
Close loop space division
TM4 multiplexing
TM5 Multi-user MIMO

This mode improves cell Prevailing
Close loop precoding rank equals
throughput. Application
TM6 to 1 This mode improves the in the Fields
Single-stream beamforming (Port cell coverage radius.
TM7 No. 5)
TM8 Dual-stream beamforming (R9)
At most 8 x 8 transmission This mode improves the cell throughput.

TM9
(R10)
TM10 CoMP technology This mode improves the throughput of the edge users.
LTE-A MASSIVE MIMO This mode can greatly improve the cell throughput.

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Multi-Antenna Technology-TX Diversity

Transmission Diversity (TM2)
 TX Diversity: indicates the usage of multiple antennas for signal transmission at the TX end. The space diversity is met
through coding of multiple TX signals from various antennas. And the RX end will then obtain higher SNR than that from a
single antenna.
 RX Diversity: indicates that multiple independent duplicates carrying the same data will be received from multiple channels
from multiple antennas. As not all signals will be in deep fading conditions, at least one signal among these duplicates at a
specific time period should be strong enough and could be provided for the receiver. And the SNR of the receiver is thus
improved.
 RX and TX Diversity: combines functions of TX diversity and RX diversity.
 Space-Time TX Diversity
(STTD) TX diversity combines the received multi-path signals to obtain diversity
 Space-Frequency TX
gains against fading. Thus, the BER is reduced without RX signal power
Diversity (SFTD)
 Cyclic Delay Diversity change and the user rate is also improved.
(CDD)

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The UL antenna selection

technology of the LTE
Sub-carrier
system can be taken as a
STBC special case in TSTD.
Antenna 1
TSTD
k+1 k time
Sub-carrier Antenna 2
SFBC TX1 S1 S2
In the LTE system, the transmission
diversity technology based on dual
TX2  S 2* S1* antenna ports is called SFBC.

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SFBC+FSTD
k+3 k+2 k+1 k

Sub-carrier
Antenna 1
Sub-carrier
TX1 S1 S2 0 0
FSTD
TX2 0 0 S3 S4
time
TX3  S 2* S1* 0 0
Antenna 2 TX4 0 0  S 4* S3*
In LTE, FSTD is not directly applied but
rather used together with the other In LTE, transmission based on four antenna ports
transmission diversity technologies. adopts a combination of SFBC and FSTD.

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Multi-Antenna Technology-Space Multiplexing

Space Multiplexing (TM3/TM4)
 The space multiplexing technology demands that user data be divided to multiple concurrent data flows, which are sent
from multiple TX antennas within the specified bandwidth. These data flows will then be received by multiple RX
antennas through radio channels. The data flows will ultimately be demodulated into their original ones according to
the Spatial Signature of these data flows.
 LTE space multiplexing adopts multiple codes with the maximum code number of 2.
Mo Mo
du-
调制与映射
du-
解调与分离
lati lati
on on
and and
Ma Sep
pp- a-
ing rati
on

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Multi-Antenna Technology-Space Multiplexing

Open Loop Space
Multiplexing （ TM3 ） Close Loop Space Multiplexing (TM4)
 The system needs no feedback of channel  This mode is often applied after receiving the training sequences.
The system will select the best precoding matrix from the
messages.
available code set. The selected matrix and SNR messages will
 When RI = 1, apply TX diversity (SFBC).
then be sent to the terminals through the transmitter.
 When RI > 1, apply the precoding technology
 This mode is also used in scenarios where channels change slowly
of CDD, that is, DD.
such as the indoor scenario or when the mobility of the terminals
 This mode is often applied in high mobility is small so as to improve the throughput of bandwidth per unit
scenarios. and the spectrum efficiency.
H
h11
x1 y1 MIMO Channel Model used for SM
h12
Two stream
of single h21  y1   h11 h12   x1   v1 
         
user x2 h22 y2
 y2   h21 h22   x2   v1 
TX MIMO RX

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Multi-Antenna Technology-UL MU-MIMO

 Multiple users use the same time
The UL MU-MIMO technology makes the UL cell throughput
domain resources.
improve by 70% to 87%.
 The fulfillment of this technology UL Cell Throughput of the UL Cell Throughput of the Loaded
needs the coordination between
Unloaded System (Unit: Mbit/s) System (Unit: Mbit/s)
UL MU_MIMO
different users. 　 UL MU_MIMO UL MU_MIMO UL MU_MIMO
Function
Thro Function Enabled Function Disabled Function Enabled
Disabled
 The UL throughput will be greatly ugh-
improved. put
18.44 34.49 18.15 30.88
 This is applied to users at the center
areas of the cells in most cases.
UL MU-MIMO （ TM5 ）
UL SU-MIMO UL MU-MIMO

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Multi-Antenna Technology-MIMO in Comparison

 MU-MIMO is used together with
SDM.
 SU-MIMO: space division multiplexing
 Two data flows are sent to each UE.
 Two data flows are sent to the UE within
one TTI.
eNode B eNode B
UE UE
UE
 SU-MIMO: TX diversity
 Only one data flow will be transferred  MU-MIMO is used together with TX diversity.
to the UE.  MU-MIMO is supported in UL.  One data flow is sent to each UE.
 The configurations of 1 x 2 or 1 x 4
is currently supported.
eNode B  2 x 2 or 4 x 4 will be supported in eNode B
UE future. UE
UE

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Multi-Antenna Technology-Beamforming
 Beamforming is achieved by weighing one single data flow before the transmission by antenna elements in the scenario
where a relatively small interval between antennas (< λ/2) is available. The transmission waves of different antenna elements
form interference to one another and then the power will be concentrated in a specified direction to form a beam so as to
gain greater coverage and suppress interference.
 (1) Beamforming requires antenna arrays with close spacing and adequate amount of antenna units;
 (2) Beamforming is a beam pointing to the user direction, achieved with a weighted single data stream so as to concentrate
more power in the user direction.
 (3) Beamforming can make full use of the signal channel symmetry of the TDD system. Small interval antenna elements are
demanded and that the number of antenna units needs to be sufficient.
Wanted UE
Interfering UE

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Multi-Antenna Technology-Beamforming
 Codeword based beamforming (DL TM6)

 The terminal selects the system recommended PMI messages
and sent them to the base station.
 The cell reference signal (CRS) is required and terminal refrence
signal is not required.
 Non-codeword based beamforming (DL TM7) DL Beamforming
 The UL/DL channel reciprocity is applied.

 Use the measurement value in the UL channel to estimate the Equalizer
DL transmission parameters.
 Calculate the weights of every antenna elements at the BS side
and control the amplitude and phase of the TX signal of each Reduce the Improve the
interference capacity
antenna element so as to make signals stack cophasally.
 You need to use the CRS and the terminal reference signal.
 Dual-stream beamforming (TM8) Increase the Improve the Reduce the TX
coverage area channel quality power

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Multi-Antenna Technology
-Enhanced MIMO Technology
Enhanced MIMO Technology (TM9)
 In the DL: at most eight antennas are supported; at most eight-layer transmission is
supported, that is, 8 x 8 MIMO.
 The DL throughput and spectrum efficiency are improved.
 Perform closed loop TM9 codeword measurement based on CSI-RS.
 In TDD mode, open loop TM9 multi-stream service transmission is supported.
 In the UL: At most four antennas are supported; at most four-layer transmission is
supported, that is, 4 x 4 MIMO.
 The throughput and spectrum efficiency are greatly improved.
 The PUCCH can support the transmission diversity based on SORTD and thus
improve the transmission quality of the UL control messages.
 The SRS supports multi-port transmission. It can also assist the PUSCH to perform CSI feedback
codeword measurement for space multiplexing.
 The TDD mode can also be used for SU-MIMO strengthening in TM9 open loop
mode.
 Then MU-MIMO strengthens further. For example, dynamic switch of SU-MU and
UE-specific pilot frequency are added so as to improve the MU-MIMO
performance.

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Multi-Antenna Technology-CoMP
CoMP (Coordinated Multiple Point) （ TM10 ）
 The service quality of cell edge users is greatly improved through dynamic coordination of multiple sparsely distributed
points. It is a great technology to improve the cell throughput, especially the throughput of the cell edge users.
 CoMP includes not only the macro cell base stations of the same network structure, it also includes RF units such as RRH,
RRU, and LPN of different network structures.
 The CoMP technology was initially and officially proposed in 3GPP TR36.814 in 2009, and was later put into R11. It is a key
technology of LTE-A.

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Multi-Antenna Technology-CoMP Applications

CoMP Applied in Same CoMP Applied in Differently
Structured Network Structured Network
Scenario 1
eNB
eNB
Coordinated area
Site-Based CoMP Low TX power RRU

(Omni-directional antenna)
Optical fiber
Scenario 3/4
Scenario 2 • For the macro cell covered areas, low power nodes are
High TX power RRU added due to service demands for hot spots and blind
spots.
Inter-Site CoMP Optical fiber
• In scenario 3, the low power node has a different cell ID
as that for the macro cell.
• In scenario 4, the low power node has a same cell ID as
that for the macro cell.

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Multi-Antenna Technology-DL CoMP

Joint Processing (JP)
At the same time and frequency resources, all coordinated multiple
centralized nodes can obtain the data. Thus, all the nodes will jointly
process data, including JT and DPS as described below:
Joint Transmission (JT ): indicates that data of one UE is transmitted
synchronously at multiple points (partial or all points of the CoMP
coordinated set) so as to improve the quality of the reception signals or
to eliminate interference on the other UEs.
JP
Dynamic point selection (DPS): The UE data is transmitted by only one
point in the CoMP coordinated set at a particular time.
Coordinated Scheduling (CS)/Coordinated

Beamforming (CB)
The data can be obtained only in the service cell and the data is
transmitted by the service cell. The user scheduling and beams, however,
are determined by multiple cells in the coordinated set:
Coordinated Scheduling (CS): Use scheduling to prevent other
coordination nodes from user scheduling at the same resource with the
target cell. Alternatively, you can also make the coordination node to
transmit data at low power at the same resource.
CB
Coordinate Beamforming (CB): Use a coordination mode to make the
neighboring cells select appropriate BF weights so as to suppress
interference on UEs from their neighboring cells.

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Multi-Antenna Technology-UL CoMP
Joint Reception (JR)

In the case that the UE sends data in the UL, which is received by multiple
coordination cells, the cells interact with one another through messages
between cells and data exchange upon the data reception, and the UE is finally
demodulated. This process is called JR reception m which includes joint
equalization and soft combining as described below:
Joint Equalization(JE): Unanimously equalize all antennas and data flows in the
CoMP coordination set. This operation is relatively complicated.
Backhaul
Soft Combing (SC): Each cell delivers the parsed user data of its neighboring
cell to its neighboring cell for information soft combining.
One baseband board Joint Equalization (JE) Baseband board 1 Soft Combining (SC)
UE1
CP
Cell 1
CP
FFT
UE1 Cell 1 elimination
FFT
Joint channel Equalization
elimination Joint channel SC IDFT Demodulation Decoding
estimation of two users
estimation
IDFT Demodulation Decoding
JE
CP Joint channel Baseband board 2

Cell 2 FFT IDFT Demodulation Decoding
elimination estimation Equalization
Joint channel
of two users SC IDFT Demodulation Decoding
CP estimation
UE2 Cell 2 FFT
elimination
UE2

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Multi-Antenna Technology-LTE-A Massive MIMO

Higher spectrum efficiency
5X Capaci ty i mprovement sc heme at the lo west c o st
New multi-antenna technology

300m-500m Macro HetNet Rare spectrum resources
Pricy spectrum resources
Small Cell 3X-5X Greater bandwidths
800M-900M 2.3G-2.6G 3.5G 5G – 50G

20m-50m
Dense service Existing Spectrum
node
40X 470M-790M 1.8G-2.1G
Increased inter-cell interference

Increased network deployment cost
More access nodes

> 内部公开
LTE-A Demands for the Multi-Antenna Technology
Main LTE-A Trend Technologies

Greater
Greater coverage
coverage
• Single-stream beamforming, dual-stream
Higher
Higher transmission
transmission efficiency
efficiency
beamforming
Higher
Higher throughput
throughput • 4 x 2MIMO, 4 x 4 MIMO
Greater
Greater bandwidth
bandwidth • SU-MIMO, MU-MIMO
• DL 8 x 8 MIMO, UL 4 x 4 MIMO
• CoMP
Antenna Beam- 4x2 4x4 TM8 TM8 DL 8 x 8 UL 4 x 4

2 x 2 MIMO
capability forming MIMO MIMO SU-MIMO MU-MIMO MIMO （ R10 ） MIMO （ R10 ）
Two antennas N Y N N N N N N
Four antennas Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y
Eight antennas Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

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Applications of Various MIMO Modes
Central area of Middle area Cell edge

the cell of the cell area
Edge
handover High density
area
High speed
mobility
Medium
speed
mobility Low speed mobility or indoor
distribution
Cell edge

> 内部公开
Handovers Between Various MIMO Modes
 Currently, the main handovers are performed

SRS
Transmission between TM3 and TM7 in the LTE TDD system.
 TM3 is often applied in the central area of the
RI/CQI
/PMI
UE cell or high traffic area; TM7 is often applied in
eNB
the edge area of the cell.
The eNB calculates the
Quality information  TM3->TM7: When a single-stream BF has
BF weight according to
of the DL channel gains and the spectrum efficiency is less than
the
the SRS/Measure
SRS/Measure BF
BF
gains
gains that obtained from BF at its peak time, the
Perform self-adaptive
handover happens from TM3 to TM7.
handover of the DL MIMO
mode at the MAC layer  TM7->TM3: When a single-stream BF has no
gains and the spectrum efficiency is no less
Determine the optimal TM
transfer mode for the UE than that when the single-stream MCS=9, the
Notify the UE
through the RRC signaling UE handover happens from TM7 to TM3.

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Subdirectory
 OFDM
 MIMO

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AMC(Adaptive Modulation and Coding)

Power Control Adaptive Rate Control Adaptive
 Dynamically adjust the TX power and keep SNR at the RX  When the transmission power is constant, adjust the modulation mode and
side at a certain value so as to guarantee the transmission
the coding rate of the radio link transmission to guarantee the transmission
quality of the link.
quality of the link.
 When the channel quality is poor, you need to increase the
TX power; when the channel quality is good, you need to  When the channel quality is poor, select a relatively small modulation mode
reduce the TX power so as to guarantee a constant and coding rate; when the channel quality is good, select a relatively big
transmission rate. modulation mode so as to maximize the transmission rate.
Proper power control can help to prevent

Proper rate control can make full use of the power
interference between users within the cell
> 内部公开
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) CQI index modulation code rate x 1024 efficiency
0 out of range
1 QPSK 78 0.1523
In most cases, the link adaptive 2 QPSK 120 0.2344
3 QPSK 193 0.3770
indicates the rate control. In LTE, it 4 QPSK 308 0.6016
indicates the adaptive modulation and 5 QPSK 449 0.8770
6 QPSK 602 1.1758
coding (AMC) technology. Properly use 7 16QAM 378 1.4766
the AMC technology, and you can make 8 16QAM 490 1.9141
9 16QAM 616 2.4063
the eNodeB appropriately adjust its 10 64QAM 466 2.7305
modulation mode (QPSK, 16QAM, or 64 11 64QAM 567 3.3223
12 64QAM 666 3.9023
QAM) and coding rate just in time 13 64QAM 772 4.5234
according to the channel quality 14 64QAM 873 5.1152
15
 The link adaptive 64QAMin the UL for LTE
technology 948depends on the
5.5547
quality of the UL
provided by the UE. Thus, data
transmission can vary flexibly with the channel, which directly determines the modulation and coding mode to be
quality of the channel. AMC is a chosen.
relatively good link adaptive technology.  The link adaptive technology in the DL for LTE depends on the CQI provided by
the UE, which maps to a certain modulation and coding mode, shown in the table
above.
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HARQ （ Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ）

 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) combines Forward Error Correction (FEC) and Repeat Request (ARQ). HARQ, working
with AMC, provides flexible and accurate rate adjustment for the LTE HARQ process.
FEC Error Correction &

FEC Coding Detection
Forward
Channel
If receive ACK, then send the next Receive code group without
code group; If receive NACK, error, and feedback ACK,
so re-send the original code group. Feedback otherwise feedback NACK.
Channel
 LTE HARQ adopts Incremental Redundancy (IR) HARQ, transmitting the signal bits and some redundant bits for the first time, and
then retransmitting extra redundant bits. If decoding the first transmitted signals fails, retransmit more redundant bits, which can
reduce channel coding rate so as to increase the success ratio of decoding . If decoding still fails upon the retransmitting of
redundant bits, repeat the retransmission. As retransmission repeats, redundant bits collect, and the channel coding ratio is
reduced. Thus, a better decoding effect is achieved.

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HARQ （ Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ）

Timing categories: LTE in the UL adopts the
UL subframe index n DL subframe index n Synchronous HARQ Protocol: If retransmission is
Process Process
TDD
UL/DL number number processed at the preset time, receivers do not need to
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (UL) (DL) signal the process number. This is called Synchronous
HARQ Protocol ; LTE in the DL adopts the Asynchronous
0 - - 4 7 6 - - 4 7 6 4 6 - - - 4 6 - - - 7 4
HARQ Protocol: If retransmission is processed at any
1 - - 4 6 - - - 4 6 - 7 6 - - 4 7 6 - - 4 4 7 available time after the last transmission, receivers need
2 - - 6 - - - - 6 - - 7 6 - 4 8 7 6 - 4 8 2 10 to explicitly signal the process number. This is called

Asynchronous HARQ Protocol.
3 - - 6 6 6 - - - - - 4 11 - - - 7 6 6 5 5 3 9
 Adaptive categories: Adaptive HARQ: Retransmission
4 - - 6 6 - - - - - - 12 11 - - 8 7 7 6 5 4 2 12 can change some or all the properties of the first
5 - - 6 - - - - - - - 12 11 - 9 8 7 6 5 4 13 1 15 transmission, such as modulation mode and resource
allocation. Extra signaling is needed for these changes.
6 - - 4 6 6 - - 4 7 - 7 7 - - - 7 7 - - 5 6 6
Non-Adaptive HARQ: The properties changed by
retransmission are negotiated by the transmitter and
In TDD, different
As to subframe index n, its ACK/NACK is transmitted receivers, requiring no extra signaling. LTE in the UL
HARQ processes are
in subframe n+k; as to FDD, k=4; as to TDD, k>3. supports both Adaptive and Non-adaptive HARQ
designed for different
simultaneously. LTE in the DL adopts only the Adaptive
timeslot
DL ACK/NACK  PUSCH UL ACK/NACK  PDSCH
configurations. HARQ.

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Fast Scheduling
 Basic theory for traditional channel scheduling: For a
For the same resource, as different mobile certain resource block, schedule the users at their channel
telecommunications users vary in locations, of optimal transmission quality, so as to maximize the

system throughput, that is, max-C/I scheduling.
their corresponding signal transmission  Assume that the resource block is based on time division,
channels also differ. you can infer that only one user can be scheduled at a
certain timeslot. When max C/I scheduling is performed,
although each user can experience both good and poor
channel quality at different timeslots, a user with an
optimal channel can always be located at any timeslot
from the perspective of the base station. Such signal
transmission mode based on selection of users with
optimal channel qualities is called multi-user diversity. The
more channels you can select and the more users are
available in the cell, the bigger the multi-user diversity will
be.

> 内部公开
Fast Scheduling
The system traces the fading characteristics of the radio channel for each user. It
Max-C/I scheduling: k  arg max Ri gives priority to each user and ensures the users who are served at the same time
i to get the max C/I, according to the size order of the radio channel.
Despite the environment difference, the service is provided in a certain order;
Round-robin
every user is ensured to be served in a certain order and to get the same flow or
(RR) the same service time.
Ri This method integrates the previous two scheduling modes, considers the
Proportional-fair (PF): k  arg max satisfaction of most users, and ensures a relative high throughput. It is a practical
i Ri scheduling mode.

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Elimination of Inter-Cell Interference (ICI)

 ICI Randomization
 Although ICI randomization cannot reduce the interference User A
power, it can scramble the interference signal to randomize it Turbo Coding Interleaver
to white noise so as to suppress ICI.
 Use the statistical characteristics of the interference to Scrambling A
suppress the interference. The error is relatively huge.
 Frequency hopping transmission
 PDSCH, PUSCH and PUCCH adopt frequency hopping
transmission within the subframe.
 PUSCH can adopt the frequency hopping transmission
between subframes.
 ICI Cancellation
 Demodulate/decode the interference signal before
restructuring the interference signal. Then, eliminate it from
the RX signals.
 It can greatly improve the system performance at the cell
edge so as to obtain a relatively high spectrum efficiency. For
services (such as VoIP services) in need of relatively small
bandwidths, this method is, however, not applicable. In
OFDMA systems, its realization is also a bit complicated.
> 内部公开
Elimination of Inter-Cell Interference (ICI)

LTE Intra-Frequency Networking Inter-Cell Interference
Interference Problems Coordination (ICIC)
When the LTE systems are networked at the same
frequency, the ICI is severe, causing the data
throughput of users at the cell edge areas to drop  Inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC ）
dramatically. The UE perception is thus poor.  ICIC is used to control the ICI through its management of radio
resources. It is an RRM scheme considering the resource usage
and loads of multiple cells. To be specific, ICIC restricts radio
resource usage of multiple cells or it limits the TX power at
Severe certain time and frequency resources.
ICI at
 It is currently a prevailing technology. It has the following
the cell
edge advantages:
area  -It is operational;
 -It can be applied to various bandwidth services;
 -It can effectively suppress the interference.

> 内部公开
Inter-Cell Interference Cancellation-ICIC
Fractional Frequency Reuse Soft Frequency Reuse
2
The frequency reuse factor is 1 on some The power on some sub-bands is only partially reduced
bands while the frequency reuse factor rather than being banned from usage. Therefore, the
7 3
power on some sub-bands need to be adjusted.
is bigger than 1 on other reuse factor.
1
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3
Cell 1
6 4
Power
Power
Power
5
Power
Edge BannedBannedCenter
Frequency
Frequency Frequency Frequency
Cell 2
Power
BannedEdge BannedCenter
Frequency 2 Full Frequency Reuse
Cell 3
7 3 The usage of time and frequency domain resources and limit to
1 the TX power take the PRB as unit. This is different from the case
where unified resource usage and TX power limit are adopted for a
6 4
Power
BannedBannedEdge Center
continuous PRB in SFR and FFR.
Frequency
5
Inter-Cell Interference Cancellation
> 内部公开
-ICIC Information Exchange

Source Cell Target Cell
High Interference Indication(HII ): How to use HII: Each cell, through monitoring of the
 HII is based on the scheduling information of users HII of its neighboring cells, determines the resource
at the edge area of the cell.
Infor- blocks where the neighboring cells will produce
matio
 HII indicates the case where a cell distributes PRBs strong interference. Schedule or avoid these
n
for the UEs at the edge area of the cell. These PRBs resource blocks. You may also adjust the power. For
trans-
will produce relatively great interference on their ferred scenarios with not very high loads, you may perform
neighboring eNBs, and at the same time, they will over scheduling to avoid the interference.
also be sensitive to interference from their X2
neighboring eNBs.
Overload Indication (OI):

How to use OI: When OI is received at a cell, lower
 OI is based on IoT measurement information.
the TX power in these bands so as to reduce the
 OI indicates the strong interference produced on the
interference on their neighboring cells.
cell at some bands.

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Subdirectory
 OFDM
 MIMO

> 内部公开
Evolution of the Key LTE TDD Technologies

Radio Performance LTE-A SON
• Tx Diversity • CA • PnP
• Intra-LTE Inter Frequency HO • eICIC • SW/HW failure detection
• CCLR • CoMP and recovery
• CCE Adaptive • Relay • ANR
• Super cell • VoLTE • Logged MDT
• Extended CP • eMIMO • TAI optimization
• LTE->CDMA HO without optimization • Dynamic PA Bias Voltage
• Mobility with CDMA (CSFB) • Inter-RAT Overlaid Cell
Shutdown
• Location Service (OTDOA)

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LTE TDD Basics and Key Technologies

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LTE TDD Basics and Key Technologies

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LTE TDD Basics and Key Technologies

LTE TDD Background

LTE TDD System Architecture

LTE TDD Basics

LTE TDD Key Technologies

Development of Mobile Telecommunications

The 3rd mobile communications

Evolution Path-Radio Technology Development Route

As the data service demand increases

The 4G network is approaching, which technology

© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved. 5

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LTE Frequency (TDD)

E-UTRA Band Uplink/downlink [MHz] Duplex Mode

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Analysis and Usage

Band A Indoor TDD 5M(2010-2015MHz)

Band F Indoor TDD 10M (1880-1890 MHz)

Band E Reserved bands Band E

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LTE Industry Chain

System Vendor Terminal Vendor Chip Vendor Test Device Vendor

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LTE TDD Background

LTE TDD System Architecture

LTE TDD Basics

LTE TDD Key Technologies

Architecture Of the LTE TDD Network Multimedia conference

Any other EPC PORTAL IP Backhaul

OMCB channel CE1 CE2

无线网 Radio Network

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LTE Network Structure at the RAN Side

Able to interconnect with

The flat network reduces time delay of the system so as to

E-UTRAN has only one node as NE, that is the eNodeB.

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Basic eNodeB Functions

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S1 Interface Protocols for LTE

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X2 Interface Protocols for LTE

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X1 Interface for LTE (Uu) Control Plane

MAC MAC MAC MAC

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LTE Network Structure-at the CN Side

Flat, multi-access, separation of control from bearer, all IP

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Main Functions of the EPC NEs

Local anchors for Packet

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Description of Network Interfaces for the EPC

This intends to finish the users’ information exchange and

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LTE Network Architecture-Femto Networking

Overall Protocol Stack for the LTE Network

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LTE TDD Background

LTE TDD System Architecture

LTE TDD Basics

LTE TDD Key Technologies

Spatial Resource-Antenna Ports