MAED 302:

Statistical Methods
Applied to Education
Reporter: Amerah S. Lachica
MAED 220-A

Professor: Dr. Cherry Ann F. Francisco

 Opening Prayer
Our Loving and Generous God, we praise and
thank You for the bountiful blessings You have
given us.
Thank You for giving us a mind that can know
and a heart that can love.
Thank You for giving us the chance to
continue learning amidst the pandemic that
have caused a lot of changes in our lives.
We are sorry for the times we have failed
You. We humbly ask for your forgiveness.
 Opening Prayer
Father, help us to focus on our studies. When
learning becomes difficult, grant us the gifts of
courage and enthusiasm.

Grant us the courage to use our knowledge in

making a difference into the lives of the
people around us.

All this we pray, in Your mighty name, amen.

 Energizer

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Congratulations
to all the
winners!!!!!
Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA)
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
› Is an interval model used to compare the means
of three or more groups.
› It shows if there is a significant difference in the
result of a survey or experiment
Examples.
 A group of psychiatric patients are trying three
different therapies: counseling, medication and
biofeedback. You want to see if one therapy is
better than the others.
 You want to compare the mean achievement test
scores in science and math in National
Achievement Test (NAT) of students in three (3)
schools in Metro Manila.
Types of ANOVA test.
 One-way ANOVA – has one independent
variable with three or more groups.
Ex. question: Are there differences in GPA
(grade point average) by grade level (freshmen
vs. sophomore vs. juniors)?
Types of ANOVA test.
Two-way ANOVA – has two independent variables
with three or more groups.
Ex. question: Are there differences in GPA (grade point
average) by grade level (freshmen vs. sophomore vs.
juniors) and gender (male vs. female)?
 N-way ANOVA – uses more than two independent
variable with three or more groups.
Ex. question: Are there differences in GPA (grade point
average) by grade level (freshmen vs. sophomore vs.
juniors), gender (male vs. female), age groups,
ethnicity, etc?
Assumptions in the use of ANOVA.

 The variables must be normally

distributed.
 Homogeneity
 Independence of cases: the sample
cases should be independent of each
other.
**** Violating any of these assumptions can
result in false positive or false negative.
Problem: The researcher wants to know at what
temperature is the ideal to take the exam - cold,
normal (room temperature), or hot?

STEPS using One-Way ANOVA:

1. State the Hypotheses
Sample DATA:
Cold (15 degrees) = 4, 7, 5, 3, 5
Normal (25 degrees) = 8, 6, 7, 6, 5
Hot (35 degrees) = 2, 2, 3, 4, 1
2. Complete the Table:
k=3

n=5

N = 15

G = 68

Grand Total
of ∑x₂ = 368
Cold Normal Hot
Step 3: Complete the ANOVA table.
Step 3: Complete the ANOVA table.
Step 3: Complete the ANOVA table.
Step 3: Complete the ANOVA table.

k=3

n=5

N = 15

G = 68

Grand
Total of ∑x₂
= 368
Step 3: Complete the ANOVA table.
Step 3: Complete the ANOVA table.

F= Between group mean square

Within group mean square
F = 20.27 / 1.6
F = 12.67
Step 4: Find the tabular value for F.
Step 5: Compare the F-statistic (computed value) to
critical value (from the table).

F = 12.67
Table F = 3.88

If the computed F is greater than the critical value (from table),

reject Ho.
If the computed F is less than the critical value, accept Ho.

Conclusion: There is a significant difference in exam scores

between three groups.
Post-hoc-test
A post hoc test is used only after we find a
statistically significant result and need to determine
where our differences truly came from.
The term “post hoc” comes from the Latin word
which means “after the event”. There are many
different post hoc tests that have been developed,
and most of them will give us similar answers.
Some are the following: Duncan, Student-
Newman-Keuls (SNK), least significant difference
(LSD) and Tukey.
Regression Analysis
Regression Analysis
 Regression Analysis is used when
predicting the behavior of a variable.
The regression equation explains
the amount of variations observable
in the independent variable X. It is
actually an equation of an straight
line in form.
Regression Analysis
 In correlation and regression
analyses, it is important that the
independent variables are correctly
identified to make correct
conclusions.

How can the independent and

dependent variables be identified?
Dependent Variable (Response Variable)
 A dependent variable is a value that is affected
when the value of independent variable changes.
It is usually represented by the variable y.

Ex. The researcher conducts a test on the effect

of room temperature in the attention span of
students.

Dependent Variable – attention span of students

Independent Variable (Predictor)
 An independent variable is a value that the
researcher can freely change to test its effect on
the dependent variable. It is represented by the
variable x.

Ex. The researcher conducts a test on the effect of

room temperature in the attention span of students.

Independent Variable – room temperature

Identify the Independent and Dependent
variable in the problem.
Ex. A salesperson for a large car brand wants to determine
whether there is a relationship between an individual's
income and the price they pay for a car. The salesperson
wants to use this information to determine which cars to
offer potential customers in new areas where average
income is known.

Independent Variable – individual income

Dependent Variable – price they pay for a car
To identify the difference of Independent and
Dependent, remember the acronym DRY MIX
D – dependent variable
R – responding variable
Y – the axis on which the dependent or responding
variable is graphed (the vertical axis)

M – manipulated variable or the one that is changed in

an experiment
I – independent variable
X – the axis on which the independent variable is
graphed (the horizontal axis)
Scatter Plots
 Regression analysis requires
interval and ratio-level data.
 To see if your data fits the models
of regression, it is wise to conduct a
scatter plot analysis.
 The reason??
Scatter Plots
 Regression analysis assumes a
linear relationship. If you have a
curvilinear relationship or no
relationship, regression analysis is of
little use.
Types of Lines
The regression analysis equation is being
used to predict the value of the dependent
variable. The said equation is defined by:

y = a + bx
Where:
x = independent variable
y = dependent variable
b = slope
a = intercept
Example: A teacher desires to know whether the
typing speed of a Comsci student (in words per
minute) is related to the time (in minutes) he can
learn the word processing program. Predict the
time it will take the average student who has a
typing speed of 72 words per minute to learn the
word-processing program.
Sample Data:
Speed (X) = 45, 68, 69, 45, 58, 55
Time (Y) = 85, 67, 56, 78, 68, 89
Speed (X) Time (Y) X XY
2

45 85 2025 3825
68 67 4624 4556
69 56 4761 3864
45 78 2025 3510
58 68 3364 3944
55 89 3025 4895
∑X = 340 ∑Y = 443 2 ∑XY = 24594
∑X = 19824
a= (443) (19824) – (340) (24594)
6 (19824) – (340)2
a= 8782032 – 8361960
118944 – 115600
a= 420072
3344
a = 125.62
Speed (X) Time (Y) X XY
2

45 85 2025 3825
68 67 4624 4556
69 56 4761 3864
45 78 2025 3510
58 68 3364 3944
55 89 3025 4895
∑X = 340 ∑Y = 443 2 ∑XY = 24594
∑X = 19824

b= 6 (24594) – (340) (443)

6 (19824) – (340)2
b= 147564 – 150620
118944 – 115600
b= - 3056
3344
b = - 0.91
Speed (X) Time (Y) X XY
2

45 85 2025 3825
68 67 4624 4556
69 56 4761 3864
45 78 2025 3510
58 68 3364 3944
55 89 3025 4895
∑X = 340 ∑Y = 443 2 ∑XY = 24594
∑X = 19824

a= (443) (19824) – (340) (24594) b= 6 (24594) – (340) (443)

6 (19824) – (340)2 6 (19824) – (340)2
a= 8782032 – 8361960 b= 147564 – 150620
118944 – 115600 118944 – 115600
a= 420072 a = 125.62
b= - 3056 b = - 0.91
3344
3344
 2
Speed (X) Time (Y) XY
X a= (443) (19824) – (340) (24594)
45 85 2025 3825
68 67 4624 4556 6 (19824) – (340)2
69 56 4761 3864
a= 8782032 – 8361960
45 78 2025 3510
58 68 3364 3944 118944 – 115600
55 89 3025 4895
∑X = 340 ∑Y = 443 2 ∑XY = 24594
a= 420072 a = 125.62
∑X = 19824
3344

y= a + bX b= 6 (24594) – (340) (443)

6 (19824) – (340)2
y = 125.62 + (- 0.91) X b= 147564 – 150620
y = 125.62 + (- 0.91X) 118944 – 115600
y = 125.62 – 0.91X
b= - 3056 b = - 0.91
3344
Example: A teacher desires to know whether the
typing speed of a Comsci student (in words per
minute) is related to the time (in minutes) he can
learn the word processing program. Predict the
time it will take the average student who has a
typing speed of 72 words per minute to learn the
word-processing program.
y = 125.62 – 0.91X Interpretation:
To answer the question: The student who has a
typing speed of 72 words
y = 125.62 – 0.91(72) per minute will take 60.1
y = 125.62 – 65.52 minutes for him to learn the
word processing program.
y= 60.1 minutes
Follow up question:

1. How long will it take a student who has a typing

speed of 64 words per minute to learn the word-
processing program?

y = 125.62 – 0.91X
Interpretation:
To answer the question:
The student who has a
y = 125.62 – 0.91(64) typing speed of 64 words
per minute will take 67.38
y = 125.62 – 58.24 minutes for him to learn the
y= 67.38 minutes word processing program.
Thank you and
God Bless!