“Teach A Level Maths”

Statistics 1

Stem and Leaf

Diagrams
Stem and Leaf Diagrams

Statistics 1
AQA
EDEXCEL
MEI/OCR
OCR
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams

You met some statistical diagrams when you did GCSE.

The next three presentations and this one remind you of

them and point out some details that you may not have
met before.

We will start with stem and leaf diagrams

( including back-to-back ).

Stem and leaf diagrams are sometimes called stem plots.

 Stem and Leaf Diagrams
e.g. The table below gives the number of hours
worked in a particular week by a sample of 30 men
35 41 33 31 30 45 35 36 51 32
32 30 28 35 34 33 35 36 32 42
33 31 41 21 34 35 34 46 32 35
I’ll use intervals of 5 hours to draw the diagram i.e.
20-25, 26-30 etc.
5 1 Weekly hours of 30 men
The stem shows the 4 5 6
tens . . . and the 4 1 1 2
leaves the units
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6
e.g. 46 is 4 tens and 6
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
units
2 8
2 1
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams
e.g. The table below gives the number of hours
worked in a particular week by a sample of 30 men
35 41 33 31 30 45 35 36 51 32
32 30 28 35 34 33 35 36 32 42
33 31 41 21 34 35 34 46 32 35
I’ll use intervals of 5 hours to draw the diagram i.e.
20-25, 26-30 etc.
5 1 Weekly hours of 30 men
The stem shows the 4 5 6
tens . . . and the 4 1 1 2
leaves the units
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6
e.g. 46 is 4 tens and 6
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
units
2 8
2 1
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams
e.g. The table below gives the number of hours
worked in a particular week by a sample of 30 men
35 41 33 31 30 45 35 36 51 32
32 30 28 35 34 33 35 36 32 42
33 31 41 21 34 35 34 46 32 35
I’ll use intervals of 5 hours to draw the diagram i.e.
20-25, 26-30 etc.
5 1 Weekly hours of 30 men
The stem shows the 4 5 6
tens . . . and the 4 1 1 2
leaves the units
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6
e.g. 46 is 4 tens and 6
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
units
2 8
N.B. 35 goes here . . .
2 1
not in the line below.
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams
e.g. The table below gives the number of hours
worked in a particular week by a sample of 30 men
35 41 33 31 30 45 35 36 51 32
32 30 28 35 34 33 35 36 32 42
33 31 41 21 34 35 34 46 32 35
I’ll use intervals of 5 hours to draw the diagram i.e.
20-25, 26-30 etc.
5 1 Weekly hours of 30 men
The stem shows the 4 5 6
tens . . . and the 4 1 1 2
leaves the units
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6
e.g. 46 is 4 tens and 6
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
units
We must show a key. 2 8
2 1
Key: 3 5 means 35 hours
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams

5 1 Weekly hours of 30 men

4 5 6
4 1 1 2
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
2 8
2 1 Key: 3 5 means 35 hours

If you tip your head to the right and look at the diagram
you can see it is just a bar chart with more detail.
Points to notice:
• The leaves are in numerical order
• The diagram uses raw ( not grouped ) data
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams
Finding the median and quartiles
Finding these is easy because the data are in order.
5 1 Weekly hours of 30 men
4 5 6
4 1 1 2
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
2 8
2 1 Key: 3 5 means 35 hours
Median: The median is the middle item, . . .
so with 30 observations we need the 15  5n th 1item, the
Tip:
average of 15 To16.
and find the middle use where n
2
is the number of items of data.
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams
Finding the median and quartiles
Finding these is easy because the data are in order.
5 1 Weekly hours of 30 men
4 5 6
4 1 1 2 15th
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
2 8
2 1 Key: 3 5 means 35 hours
Median: The median is the middle item, . . .
so with 30 observations we need the 15  5 th item, the
average of 15 and 16.
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams
Finding the median and quartiles
Finding these is easy because the data are in order.
5 1 Weekly hours of 30 men
4 5 6
4 1 1 2 15th
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 16th
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
2 8
2 1 Key: 3 5 means 35 hours
Median: The median is the middle item, . . .
so with 30 observations we need the 15  5 th item, the
average of 15 and 16.
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams
Finding the median and quartiles
Finding these is easy because the data are in order.
5 1 Weekly hours of 30 men
4 5 6
4 1 1 2 15th
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 16th
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
2 8
2 1 Key: 3 5 means 35 hours
Median: The median is the middle item, . . .
so with 30 observations we need the 15  5 th item, the
average of 15 and 16.
Since the 15th and 16th items are both 34, the median is 34.
( If the values are not the same we average them. )
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams
Finding the median and quartiles
Finding these is easy because the data are in order.
5 1 Weekly hours of 30 men
4 5 6 7th
4 1 1 2
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
2 8
2 1 Key: 3 5 means 35 hours
n1
For the lower quartile (LQ) we first need (  7  75 )
4
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams
Finding the median and quartiles
Finding these is easy because the data are in order.
5 1 Weekly hours of 30 men
4 5 6 7th
4 1 1 2 8th
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
2 8
2 1 Key: 3 5 means 35 hours
n1
For the lower quartile (LQ) we first need (  7  75 )
4
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams
Finding the median and quartiles
Finding these is easy because the data are in order.
5 1 Weekly hours of 30 men
4 5 6 7th
4 1 1 2 8th
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
2 8
2 1 Key: 3 5 means 35 hours
n1
For the lower quartile (LQ) we first need (  7  75 )
4
The lower quartile is 32.
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams
Finding the median and quartiles

If the values of the 7th and 8th observation are not the
same, we interpolate to find the LQ.
e.g. If we had
7th value: 32
8th value: 36
and we want the 7·75th value, we need to add 0·75 of the
gap between the 7th and 8th to the 7th value.
So,
The gap is 36 – 32 = 4.
0.75 of 4 is 3.
LQ = 32 + 3 = 35
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams
Finding the median and quartiles

5 1 Weekly hours of 30 men

4 5 6
4 1 1 2
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
2 8
2 1 Key: 3 5 means 35 hours
3( n  1)
For the upper quartile (UQ), we first need (  23  25 )
( or 7  75 from the top end )
4
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams
Finding the median and quartiles

5 1 Weekly hours of 30 men

4 5 6 23rd
4 1 1 2
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
2 8
2 1 Key: 3 5 means 35 hours
3( n  1)
For the upper quartile (UQ), we first need (  23  25 )
( or 7  75 from the top end )
4
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams
Finding the median and quartiles

5 1 Weekly hours of 30 men

4 5 6 23rd
4 1 1 2 24th
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
2 8
2 1 Key: 3 5 means 35 hours
3( n  1)
For the upper quartile (UQ), we first need (  23  25 )
( or 7  75 from the top end )
4
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams
Finding the median and quartiles

5 1 Weekly hours of 30 men

4 5 6 23rd
4 1 1 2 24th
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
2 8
2 1 Key: 3 5 means 35 hours
3( n  1)
For the upper quartile (UQ), we first need (  23  25 )
( or 7  75 from the top end )
4
The upper quartile is 36.
The interquartile range (IQR) = UQ  LQ
= 36 – 32 = 4
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams
SUMMARY
 Stem and Leaf diagrams are used for small, raw data
sets (not grouped data).
e.g. 5 1 Weekly hours of 30 men
4 5 6
4 1 1 2
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 leaves
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
2 8
stem
2 1 Key: 3 5 means 35 hours

 The diagram must have a title and a key.

 The leaves are in numerical order ( away from
the stem )
continued
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams

 n  1  th
 The median is the   piece of data.
 2 
( If necessary, average 2 data items )
 n  1 th
 The quartiles are found at the   position
 4 
 3( n  1) 
and the  4
 th position.
 
 The interquartile range (IQR) = UQ  LQ
( upper quartile – lower quartile )
 If necessary, we can interpolate to find the LQ
and UQ.
 Back-to-Back Stem and Leaf Diagrams
Back-to-back stem and leaf diagrams can be used to
compare 2 sets of data relating to the same subject.
In our example we could add the data for 30 women.
Weekly hours
Women Men
5 1
4 3 4 5 6
0 4 1 1 2
8 8 6 6 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6
4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
8 2 8
Notice how easily we can
3 3 1 0 2 1 compare the variability
5 5 1 of the 2 data sets
4 4 2 1
Key: 5 3 means 35 hrs Key: 3 5 means 35 hrs
 Back-to-Back Stem and Leaf Diagrams
Exercise

January Max Temperatures 1985 to 2005

Braemar Sheffield
9 0
2 8 1 2 4 5 9
7 1 2 2 4 8
8 5 2 1 6 4 5 9
8 6 1 5 0 2 3 4 5
9 8 4 3 0 0 4
9 7 5 1 3 4 7
5 2
6 1 1
Key: 3 4 means 4·3C Key: 3 4 means 3·4C

Find the medians and quartiles. What can you say about
the temperatures of the 2 places?
 Back-to-Back Stem and Leaf Diagrams

Answer: January Max Temperatures 1985 to 2005

Braemar Sheffield
9 0
2 8 1 2 4 5 9
7 1 2 2 4 8
8 5 2 1 6 4 5 9
8 6 1 5 0 2 3 4 5
9 84 3 0 0 4
9 7 5 1 3 4 7
5 2
6 1 1
Key: 3 4 means 4·3C Key: 3 4 means 3·4C

Median LQ UQ The places have similar

variability in temperature but
Braemar 4·4 3·6 5·95
Sheffield is about 2 ·7C
Sheffield 7·1 5·35 8·15 warmer than Braemar.
The following slides contain repeats of
information on earlier slides, shown without
colour, so that they can be printed and
photocopied.
For most purposes the slides can be printed
as “Handouts” with up to 6 slides per sheet.
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams
SUMMARY
 This is used for small, raw data sets (not grouped data).

5 1 Weekly hours of 30 men

e.g.
4 5 6
4 1 1 2 leaves
stem
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
2 8
2 1 Key: 3 5 means 35 hours

 The diagram must have a title and a key.

 The leaves are in numerical order ( away from the
stem )
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams
 n  1  th
 The median is the   piece of data.
 2 
( If necessary, average 2 data items )
 n  1 th
 The quartiles are found at the   position
 4 
 3( n  1) 
and the   th position.
 4 

 The interquartile range (IQR) = UQ  LQ

( upper quartile – lower quartile )

 If necessary, we can interpolate to find the LQ

and UQ.
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams
Back-to-back stem and leaf diagrams can be used to
compare 2 sets of data relating to the same subject.
In our example we could add the data for 30 women.
Weekly hours
Women Men
5 1
4 3 4 5 6
0 4 1 1 2
8 8 6 6 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6
4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
8 2 8
Notice how easily we can
3 3 1 0 2 1 compare the variability
5 5 1 of the 2 data sets
4 4 2 1
Key: 5 3 means 35 hours Key: 3 5 means 35 hours