Unit 2_Conti…

Temperature Measurement

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 Definitions……
• Temperature of the substance is represents its
thermal state.(Hotness or Coldness)
• Heating is the transfer of energy from an object
with more random internal energy to an object
with less.
• Temperature is a measure of the average energy
of the randomly moving molecules in a
substance.
• Same temperature=thermal equilibrium
Temperature scales
- Three temperature scales in use today, Fahrenheit (F), Celsius (C) and Kelvin (K)

Fahrenheit temperature scale

- 32 for the freezing point of water
- 212 for the boiling point of water
- interval divided into 180 parts

Celsius, or centigrade, scale

- 0 for the freezing point of water
- 100 for the boiling point of water
- conversion formula: F = 9/5C + 32

Kelvin temperature scale

- base unit in International System (SI) of measurement
- zero point at absolute zero
- difference between the freezing and boiling points
of water is 100 degrees
- conversion formula: K = C + 273

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 Types of Temp. measurement
 Temp instruments are classified according to the
nature of the change produced in the testing body
with change of temperature.

 Change in physical dimension

 Change in liquid, gas or vapour pressure
 Change in electrical properties
 Change in emitted thermal radiation
 Change in physical dimension
Temperature solid, liquid, gas Change Dim.
Expansion Thermometer

Expansion of solids---Bimetallic Thermometer

Expansion of liquid---Metal bulb Thermometer
Expansion of gases---Gas Thermometer
 Change in liquid, gas or vapour pressure
Temperature Filled system Change in Pressure
Filled system Thermometer
 Gas filled Thermometer
 liquid filled Thermometer
 vapour filled Thermometer
 Change in electrical properties
Temperature Metals, Alloys, Conductor
Change in Resistance/Voltage

 Resistance Temperature Defector(RTD)

 Thermistors
 Thermocouples
 Change in emitted thermal radiation

Temperature PYROMETER Change in

radiation intensity
 Radiation Pyrometer
 Optical Pyrometer
Temperature measurement
Thermometers
Thermal expansion thermometers
- liquid-in-glass thermometers
- bimetallic thermometers

Thermocouples
- based on the thermoelectric effect

Resistance thermometers
- based on the relationship between temperature and electric resistance
- include metallic resistance sensors (RTDs), and semiconductor resistance sensors

Coil elements
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Temperature measurement
Liquid-in-glass thermometers
- a bulb, a reservoir in which the working liquid can expand or contract in volume
- a stem, a glass tube containing a tiny capillary connected to the bulb and
enlarged at the bottom into a bulb that is partially filled with a working
liquid. The tube's bore is extremely small - less than 0.5 mm in diameter
- a temperature scale is fixed or engraved on the stem supporting the
capillary tube to indicate the range and the value of the temperature.
The liquid-in-glass thermometers is usually calibrated against a standard
thermometer and at the melting point of water
- a reference point, a calibration point, the most common being the ice point
- a working liquid, usually mercury or alcohol
- an inert gas is used for mercury intended to high temperature. The
thermometer is filled with an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen above the
mercury to reduce its volatilization.
- constriction may be used to measure maximal or minimal temperature

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Liquids used in Glass Thermometer
Liquids Range (oc)
Mercury -35 to 510
Alcohol -80 to 70
Toluene -80 to 100
pentane -200 to 300
Temperature measurement
Liquid-in-glass thermometers 𝑻
  𝒏𝒐𝒏−𝒊𝒎𝒎
- Typical resolution: 0.05-1 K
𝑵
 
- Immersion types:
partial Immersion (inserted in fluid up to marked line)
total immersion (inserted in fluid up to liquid column) 𝑻
  𝒊𝒎𝒎
complete immersion (entirely immersed in fluid)

- total immersion required to avoid errors due to temperature

difference between immersed and non-immersed sections

- stem correction necessary with partial immersion thermometers

e.g. for mercury-in-glass thermometers:

-  number of degrees (K) of the non-immersed portion
∆
  𝑇 =0.00016 𝑁 ( 𝑇 𝑖𝑚𝑚 − 𝑇 𝑛𝑜𝑛 −𝑖𝑚𝑚 )
-  temperature of the immersed portion
-  temperature of the non-immersed portion

- disadvantage: poor spatial and temporal resolutions

- advantage: excellent laboratory standards for calibration of other instruments

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Temperature measurement
Bimetallic thermometers
- two thin plates of different materials
- vastly different thermal expansion coefficient
- bonded together tightly with one end fixed & another free
- curvature of the assembly changed due to temperature variation
- helically or spiral coiled assembly used to amplify motion resulting from temperature change

Bimetallic thermometer (flat, spiral strip)

- bimetallic assemblies also used in thermostatic controls

- typical resolution about 1% of full scale, and maximal operation temperature around 500C 13
 Pressure Spring Thermometers
Liquid Filled Thermometer Vapour Pressure Thermometer
 Thermocouples
• Consists of two wires made of different metals
that are joined together
Metal wire 1

Current flows when the

Two junctions are at
Metal wire 2 Different temperatures
 The e.m.f in a thermo electric circuit is depend
on two phenomena:
Peltier Effect:
This governs the e.m.f resulting solely from
contact of two different metals and magnitude
varying with temperature of this contact.
Thomson Effect:
This is the e.m.f resulting from the
temperature gradient along the single wire
and is less prominent.
Temperature measurement
Thermocouples
Seebeck effect
- Any electrical conductor will develop a potential difference
(thermoelectric voltage) between two of its points that have
a temperature difference.

Thermocouple configuration
- two dissimilar metallic wires (e.g. A and B) joined firmly at two junctions
- one junction exposed to the temperature of interest (e.g. T 1)
- the other one (reference junction) kept at known constant temperature (e.g. T 2)
- reference junction conventionally immersed in an ice bath for reference temperature of 0C
- constant reference temperature also provided with an electronically controlled heated block
- common types of thermocouples and their properties

- typical resolution in the order of 1C

- highest temperature of 2930C by tungsten-rhenium type 17
 Components of thermo electric pyrometer

Thermocouple - compensating leads - extension wires

 Wires commonly used for THEROMOCOUPLES

A. It is suitable for temperature 11000 C to 13000 C

Nickel/Al and nickel/chromium
B. Useful for 1400 to 16000 C
Platinum/Rh and Platinum (100%)

C. Copper and Constantan (Ni 40%, Cu 60%)

D. For 400 to 5000 C Iron metal being used.
 Thermocouple Ends

• Twisting and Brazing

• Resistant welding
• Electric arc welding
Temperature measurement
Thermocouples
Sensor & measuring circuit

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 Thermocouple Junctions
• Exposed junction
• Ungrounded junction
• Grounded junction
 Exposed junction

This junction is recommended for

measurement of static or flowing non
corrosive gas temperature. the sheath
insulation is sealed at the point of entry to
prevent of moisture or gas.
 Ungrounded junction/ Grounded Junction

This feature is preferred when thermocouples

are used in corrosive gas and liquid
temperatures.

Whereas in grounded junctions are internally

fused to casting tip, which gives them faster
response. It recommended for static or flowing
gas and liquid temp for high pressure
application.
SHEATHING TO THERMOCOUPLES
Technical aspects of thermocouple
• Selecting thermocouple wire size
• Selecting thermocouple length
• Selection of protective tube or well
• Selecting the extension wire
 Thermocouple Installation
A) With protecting wells
-location and depth of insertion shall be avoid
stagnant areas of the measured fluid which do not
have a representative temperature.
-Direct impingement of flame should be avoided.
-The thermocouple shall be properly cleaned.
-The tube shall be generally inserted vertically
particularly when high temp is to be measured.
B) Unprotected thermocouples
Temperature measurement
Resistance thermometers
Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs)
- pure metal thermometers of platinum (most popular and accurate), nickel, or copper

- typical resolution of 0.1 K, possible high resolution of 0.0001 K

- non-linear response fitted with low-order polynomials

e.g. resistance Rpt of platinum RTD in the range 0f 100-700C described by Callendar-Van Dusen equation

Rpt0 – resistance at 0C

Cold-wires
- similar construction to HW
- high frequency response in temperature measurement

Thermistors
- semiconductor elements whose resistance is a very
strong function of temperature.
- extremely high sensitivity to temperature
- non-linear response

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 Pyrometers
• When temperature being measured are above
14000c a physical contact with body to be
measured is impossible.
• The technique for measuring high temp
without physical contact of hot body is called
as pyrometry.
• The pyrometers works on principle of
radiation.
Total radiation Pyrometers
Optical Pyrometer