FREE VIBRATION

ME 525 – VIBRATION ENGINEERING

PREPARED BY: CHRISTIAN M. CALINAYA, BSME V
HARMONIC MOTION

• is a special type of periodic motion where the restoring force on

the moving object is directly proportional to the object's
displacement magnitude and acts towards the object's
equilibrium position. It results in an oscillation which, if
uninhibited by friction or any other dissipation of energy,
continues indefinitely.
THE RELATION BETWEEN DISPLACEMENT
AND TIME FOR HARMONIC MOTION MAY BE
EXPRESSED BY
• X = XoSINo(wt) The maximum value of the displacement is X0, which is called the
amplitude. The period, T, is usually measured in seconds; its reciprocal is the frequency
of the vibration, f, measured in cycles per second (cps) or Hertz (Hz). f=1/T
• Another measure of frequency is the circular frequency, ω, measured in radians per
second. It is clear that a full cycle of vibration (ωt) occurs after 360° or 2π radians (i.e.,
one full revolution). At this point, the function begins a new cycle. W=2pif, where w is
the angular velocity, f is the frequency of the motion.
VISCOUS DAMPING

• force is a formulation of the damping phenomena, in

which the source of damping force is modeled as a
function of the volume, shape, and velocity of an object
traversing through a real fluid with viscosity.[
TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF VISCOUS DAMPING IN
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS INCLUDE:

• Fluid films between surfaces

• Fluid flow around a piston in a cylinder
• Fluid flow through an orifice
• Fluid flow within a journal bearing
VISCOUS DAMPING APPLICATION

Viscous damping also refers to damping devices. Most often they damp motion by providing a
force or torque opposing motion proportional to the velocity. This may be affected by fluid
flow or motion of magnetic structures. The intended effect is to improve the damping ratio.
• Shock absorbers in cars
• Seismic retrofitting with viscous dampers[2]
• Tuned mass dampers in tall buildings
• Deployment actuators in spacecraft
DESIGN CONSIDERATION

• it was pointed out that vibration and shock can have

gross detrimental effects on the performance and
reliability of a particular product. The vibration which a
unit transmits to a supporting structure or the
vibration which a unit feels when it is being excited by a
vibrating structure can be reduced or attenuated by an
isolator if properly selected.
SCHEMATIC OF THE SIMPLEST FORM OF AN ISOLATOR, A
SPRING, K, AND A VISCOUS DAMPER, C, SUPPORTING THE
EQUIPMENT MASS, M.
SCHEMATIC OF THE SIMPLEST FORM OF AN ISOLATOR, A
SPRING, K, AND A VISCOUS DAMPER, C, SUPPORTING THE
EQUIPMENT MASS, M.
• The function of an isolator may be best understood by first reducing it to its simplest
form, as illustrated in Figure 4. The system of Figure 4 includes a rigid mass M
supported by a spring K and constrained by guides to move only in vertical
translation without rotation about a vertical axis. A damper C is arranged in parallel
with the spring between the support and the mass. The mounted equipment is
simulated by the mass while the spring and damper taken together simulate the
elasticity and damping of the conventional isolator. The system shown in Figure 4 is
said to be a single-degree-of-freedom system because its configuration at any time
may be specified by a single coordinate: e.f., by the height of the mass M with respect
to the fixed support.
STABILITY

• Stability of a system can be explained in terms of its energy. A system is

consisdered to be asymtotically stable, stable, or unstable if its energy
decreases, remains constant, or increases, respecting with time.
• The static equilibrium position will be stable following the behavior of the
second derivative of the potential energy respect to position:
STABILITY ANALYSIS

• The static equilibrium position of a system can be found by setting velocity &
accelerations equal to zero in the equation.
mx” + cx’ + kx – mg = 0
where x” = 0 and x’ = 0 so;
m(0) + c(0) + kx – mg = 0
kx – mg = 0
x = mg/k where: mg is the force, k is the spring constant
STABILITY ANALYSIS

• At the equilibrium position the potential energy is minimum therefore static equilibrium
position of a system can be found by setting the derivative of potential energy respect to
the position equal to zero.
U = ½ kx^2 – mgx
dU/dx = 2/2 kx – mg
0 = kx – mg
x = mg/k
STABILITY ANALYSIS DIAGRAM